Cardiovascular System Quiz

Questions and Answers

Phagocytosing bacteria to combat infections

Eosinophils

Pericardium

Pulmonary circulation Signup and view all the answers

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Angina pectoris Signup and view all the answers

To collect excess fluid surrounding tissues and return it to the cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

The thickness of their smooth muscle layer Signup and view all the answers

To carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart Signup and view all the answers

To transport oxygen throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

To keep blood flowing toward the heart Signup and view all the answers

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

To pump blood throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

Heart – arteries – arterioles – capillaries – venules – veins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels, bringing nutrients to cells and removing wastes.
Blood is refreshed in the lungs, kidneys, intestine, and liver, with lymphatic vessels collecting excess fluid and returning it to the cardiovascular system.

The heart is a large, muscular organ consisting of mostly cardiac tissue (myocardium) surrounded by a sac (pericardium).
It has two sides (right and left) separated by a septum, with four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
The heart has two sets of valves: semilunar valves and atrioventricular valves (AV valves), which produce the "lub" and "dup" sounds when closing and opening.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery), with three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle, and outer connective tissue.
Arterioles are smaller blood vessels that branch off from arteries.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart (except pulmonary vein), with three layers: epithelium, smooth muscle, and outer connective tissue.
Venules are smaller blood vessels that branch off from veins.
Veins that carry blood against gravity have valves to keep blood flowing toward the heart.

Capillaries are microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules, made of one layer of epithelial tissue (endothelium).
They form beds of vessels where exchange with body cells occurs, with a large surface area surrounding different tissues.

Erythrocytes (RBC) contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that transports oxygen.
Leukocytes (WBC) include:
- Neutrophils: phagocytosis, bacterial infection
- Lymphocytes: kill viruses, antibody production
- Eosinophils: allergy, kill parasites
- Monocytes: phagocytic function
- Basophils: release chemicals that trigger inflammation
All blood cells develop from a common source of stem cells in the red bone marrow.

Pulmonary circulation: a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again.
Systemic circulation: carries blood from the heart to all other parts of the body and back again.

Atherosclerosis: thickening or hardening of the arteries due to a buildup of plaque (fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin).
Heart attack (myocardial infarction): part of the heart dies due to lack of oxygen, often beginning with angina pectoris (pain radiating down the left arm due to a blockage of a coronary artery).