Cardiovascular System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of veins in the cardiovascular system?

  • Facilitate the exchange of nutrients in body cells
  • Serve as the main pumping mechanism for blood distribution
  • Transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart (correct)
  • Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Which statement about capillaries is correct?

  • They primarily carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
  • Capillaries can also pump blood to the heart.
  • They are the sites of nutrient and gas exchange. (correct)
  • Most capillaries contain valves to prevent backflow.

Which of the following statements about arteries is false?

  • Most arteries carry oxygenated blood.
  • Arteries have thicker walls than veins.
  • Arteries can serve as exchange sites between blood and body cells. (correct)
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

What is not a primary function of the heart valves?

<p>Deliver oxygen to the body's tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the chambers of the heart?

<p>Receiving and distributing blood to the arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood does the coronary sinus carry?

<p>Deoxygenated blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the right coronary artery?

<p>Supplies oxygen-rich blood to heart muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the left and right atriums of the heart?

<p>Septum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of heart valves?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what part of the heart does deoxygenated blood enter first?

<p>Right atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body?

<p>Left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the heart muscle with blood?

<p>Right coronary artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Connect arteries and veins for nutrient exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum in a fetus?

<p>It allows blood to shunt away from pulmonary circulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the heart prevents the reverse opening of atrioventricular valves?

<p>Papillary muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are trabeculae carneae primarily associated with?

<p>Supporting cardiac contractions and ventricular structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the opening of the coronary sinus drain deoxygenated blood?

<p>Directly into the right atrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pectinate muscles?

<p>To provide powerful contractions to pump blood from the atrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart separates the left and right ventricles?

<p>Interventricular septum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pericardial sac serves which primary function?

<p>To enclose the heart and its vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition causes deoxygenated blood to bypass pulmonary circulation in unborn babies?

<p>Presence of the ligamentum arteriosum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of arteries?

<p>Transport oxygenated blood from heart to capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the one exception where an artery carries de-oxygenated blood?

<p>Pulmonary artery carrying de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the one exception where a vein carries oxygenated blood?

<p>The Pulmonary vein brings newly oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are capillaries?

<p>exchange substances between blood and tissue (C), single cell thick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 main layers of arteries and veins?

<p>Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 subsections of Tunica Intima?

<p>Endothelium (C), Subendothelial layer (D), Internal elastic lamina (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subsections of Tunica Media?

<p>External Elastic Lamina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subsections of Tunica Externa?

<p>Vaso Vasorum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What subsections of the Tunica layers are only found in arteries?

<p>External elastic layer (D), Internal elastic layer (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers of capillaries?

<p>Endothelium (A), basement membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the veins closest to furthest from heart

<p>Large veins, small to medium veins, venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the arteries closest to furthest from heart

<p>Elastic arteries, muscular artery, arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of capillaries

<p>continuous (A), fenestrated (C), sinusoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are continuous capillaries?

<p>Endothelial cells form a continuous lining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Fenestrated capillaries?

<p>Endothelial cells form continuous lining but cells have fenestrations (pores) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sinusoid capillaries?

<p>Endothelial cells form incomplete lining with large gaps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are continuous capillaries located?

<p>Muscle, skin, lungs, central NS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are Fenestrated capillaries located?

<p>Found in areas with lots of fluid transport (intestines, kidneys) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are sinusoid capillaries located?

<p>Found in Bone marrow and spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of venous returns?

<p>Skeletal muscle pump (A), Respiratory pump (B), Pressure gradient (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of venous return?

<p>To stop blood from pooling and return to the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the skeletal muscle pump assist with venous return?

<p>By compressing veins as muscles contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is present in veins to prevent backflow?

<p>Valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory pump assist with venous return?

<p>Inspiration: By increasing abdominal pressure and decreasing thoracic pressure during inhalation (A), Expiration: By decreasing abdominal pressure and increasing thoracic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pressure gradient assist with venous return?

<p>By promoting the movement of blood back to the heart. (B), Minimal BP is 20mm Hg in venules and almost 0mm Hg in the vena cava (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of baroreceptors?

<p>Respond to changes in blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are baroreceptors located? (Select all that apply)

<p>Aortic arch (A), Carotid sinuses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of chemoreceptors?

<p>Detecting levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are chemoreceptors located? (Select all that apply)

<p>Aortic body (A), Carotid body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain centers, other than the medulla oblongata, influence cardiac output and vessel resistance? (Select all that apply)

<p>Hypothalamus (A), Limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regulate blood pressure? (Select all that apply)

<p>Neuronal Regulation (A), Hormonal Regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help regulate blood pressure?

<p>By increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys (A), Stimulate thirst center to increase water consumption (D), large amounts can cause vasoconstriction (incr. resistance and pressure) (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) help regulate blood pressure?

<p>Decreases blood pressure (A), By stimulating vasodilation (decr. peripheral resistance) (B), By increasing urine output (lower blood volume) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the renin-angiotensin system help regulate BP?

<p>Responds to drop in BP and fluid volume. Renin released from the kidneys and angiotensinogen released from the lever combine to create angiotensin 1. ACE that is released from the lungs turns angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 that stimulates vasoconstriction in the blood vessels and stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone that stimulates reabsorption of water and salt in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right side of the heart always receives what?

<p>Deoxygenated blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chamber of the heart that receives blood first?

<p>Right Atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the left and right atriums of the heart? (Select all that apply)

<p>The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body (A), The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the purposes of the left and right ventricles?

<p>The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order that blood moves through the heart?

<p>Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Lung → Left Atrium -&gt; Left Ventricle → Aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thickest chamber in the heart?

<p>Left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the layers of the heart? (outer to inner)

<p>Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the muscle layer of the heart?

<p>Myocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the protective layer of the heart?

<p>Epicardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the purposes of the left and right atrioventricular valves?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood from to the atria from the ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the right atrioventricular valve?

<p>Tricuspid valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?

<p>Mitral valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the purposes of the semi-lunar valves?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles (A), To regulate blood pressure within the arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names of the two semi-lunar valves in the heart?

<p>Aortic and Pulmonary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct flow of blood?

<p>Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the superior vena cava?

<p>To transport deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the inferior vena cava?

<p>To transport deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pulmonary trunk?

<p>A vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs branching off into left and right arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the left and right pulmonary arteries?

<p>Arteries carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the left and right pulmonary veins?

<p>Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the aorta?

<p>To push oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the purposes of the left and right coronary arteries?

<p>To supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anterior and posterior interventricular arteries?

<p>They supply blood to the ventricle walls of the heart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the coronary sinus?

<p>Receives deoxygenated blood from working heart muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of a positive chronotropic agent?

<p>It increases heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of positive chronotropic agents? (Select all that apply)

<p>Thyroid hormone (A), Caffeine (B), Nicotine (C), Cocaine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of a negative chronotropic agent?

<p>It decreases heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some things that act as negative chronotropic agents? (Select all that apply)

<p>Parasympathetic NS (A), Beta blocker drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an electrocardiogram?

<p>A test that measures electrical activity of the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P wave indicate in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Atrial depolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex indicate in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Ventricular depolarization (B), Atrial repolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the T wave indicate in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Ventricular repolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative chronotropic agent mean?

<p>It decreases heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some things that act as negative chronotropic agents? (Select all that apply)

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (A), Beta blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an electrocardiogram?

<p>A test that measures the cardiac action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a P wave in an electrocardiogram?

<p>It represents atrial depolarization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS segment indicate in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Ventricular depolarization (B), Atrial repolarization simultaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the T wave indicate in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Ventricular repolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the plateau phase of cardiac potentials in an electrocardiogram?

<p>ST segment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the PQ segment indicate in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Associated with atrial cells plateau (atria are contracting) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ST segment indicate in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Associated with ventricular plateau (ventricles are contracting) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bradycardia?

<p>Normal in athletes (D), A condition characterized by an abnormally low heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tachycardia?

<p>A condition of rapid heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the heart's conduction system nodes?

<p>SA Node, AV Node, Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His), Purkinje Fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What node is considered the heart's pacemaker?

<p>Sinoatrial node (SA node) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve located?

<p>Between the right atrium and right ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the left atrioventricular (mitral or bicuspid) valve located?

<p>Between the left atrium and left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the right pulmonary semilunar valve located?

<p>Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the right aortic semilunar valve located?

<p>At the junction of the left ventricle and aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?

<p>The pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, while the systemic circuit carries oxygen-rich blood to the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vessels make up the circle of willis?

<p>Internal carotid artery, anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral arteries, posterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the circle of Willis?

<p>It provides a collateral circulation to the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular System

The system responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removing waste products like carbon dioxide throughout the body.

Heart

The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, usually carrying oxygenated blood.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, usually carrying deoxygenated blood.

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Perfusion

The process of delivering blood to tissues and organs, ensuring they receive adequate oxygen and nutrients.

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Right Coronary Artery

The main artery supplying blood to the heart muscle, branching into the posterior interventricular artery.

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Posterior Interventricular Artery

One branch of the right coronary artery delivering blood to the back of the heart.

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Blood Supply to the Heart

The flow of oxygen-rich blood from the right coronary artery to the heart muscles, providing energy for contractions.

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Coronary Sinus

A large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles.

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Major Tributary

A major vein bringing deoxygenated blood from working heart muscles to the coronary sinus for circulation back to the lungs.

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Atriums

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body.

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Heart Chambers

The four distinct chambers of the heart that ensure proper blood flow through a one-way system.

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Heart Valves

Valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart by controlling the direction of blood flow.

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Ligamentum Arteriosum

The structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetal circulatory system, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

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Trabeculae Carneae

Irregular muscles found in the inner layers of the ventricles, potentially aiding in cardiac contractions and providing structural support for the chambers.

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Pericardial Sac

The fibrous sac that encloses the heart and its associated blood vessels, offering protection and lubrication.

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Interventricular Septum

The strong muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles, ensuring a clear boundary for blood flow.

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Coronary Sinus Opening

The opening that allows deoxygenated blood from the coronary sinus to flow directly into the right atrium, providing nutrients to the heart itself.

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Pectinate Muscles

The muscular ridges found in the walls of the right atrium in a fetus, helping to pump blood efficiently from the atrium to the ventricle.

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Fetal Circulation Bypass

A circulatory pathway that allows fetal blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation, directing blood directly from the right atrium to the left atrium.

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Atrioventricular Valves

The valves that prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria, ensuring unidirectional blood flow.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • Made up of the heart and blood vessels
  • Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones throughout the body
  • Removes carbon dioxide and other waste products
  • Perfusion is the delivery of blood per unit of time per gram of tissue (mL/min/g)

Blood Vessel Components

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. Mostly carry oxygenated blood.
  • Veins: Carry blood to the heart. Mostly carry deoxygenated blood.
  • Capillaries: Sites of exchange between blood and body cells, and between blood and lungs.

Heart Location

  • Located in the pericardium
  • Posterior to the sternum, left of the midline
  • Base - superior surface
  • Apex - pointed end
  • Projects antero-inferiorly

Heart Chambers (External Anatomy)

  • Atria: Always receive blood entering the heart.
  • Ventricles: Always pump blood out from the heart.
    • Right atrium/right ventricle - carries oxygen-poor blood
    • Left atrium/left ventricle - carries oxygen-rich blood

External Anatomy: Vessels

  • Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: Return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
    • Superior - above the heart
    • Inferior - below the heart
  • Pulmonary Trunk/Main Pulmonary Artery: Branches to the right and left pulmonary arteries, carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.
  • Pulmonary Arteries: Carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
  • Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
  • Ascending Aorta: Carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body.

Internal Anatomy

  • Atria: Left and Right
  • Ventricles: Left and Right
  • Interatrial Septum: Separates the right and left atria
  • Fossa Ovalis: Remnant of an opening in the fetal heart
  • Pectinate Muscles: Found in the walls of the atria
  • Interventricular Septum: Separates the right and left ventricles
  • Trabeculae Carneae: Irregular muscles that aid in contraction in the ventricles
  • Coronary Sinus: Collects deoxygenated blood from working heart muscles and directs it to the right atrium
  • Heart Valves: Prevent backflow of blood

Heart Sounds

  • 4 normal heart sounds
  • "lub-dub" sounds
    • S1 - Closing of AV valves
    • S2 - Closing of Semilunar valves

Cardiac Muscle Structure

  • Appears striated (like skeletal)
  • Contains intercalated discs, which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
  • Involuntary movement

Metabolism

  • High demand for energy
  • Numerous mitochondria
  • Contains myoglobin (similar to hemoglobin)
  • Uses various fuel sources (fatty acids, glucose)

Coronary Vessels

  • Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
    • Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
    • Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
      • Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
      • Circumflex Artery (CX)

Innervation

  • Parasympathetic innervation: Decreases heart rate
  • Sympathetic innervation: Increases heart rate and force

Conduction System

  • Specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate and transmit electric signals to coordinate the heart's contraction.
  • Composed of several parts:
    • Sinoatrial (SA) node ("pacemaker") located in the right atrium
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node located in the right atrium
    • Atrioventricular (AV) bundle located in the interventricular septum
    • Purkinje Fibers located in the walls of ventricles.

Cardiac Cycle

  • includes ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
  • includes a series of events to ensure proper blood flow.
    • Atrial contraction
    • Ventricular contraction
    • Ventricular relaxation.

Other

  • ECG / EKG: Measures electrical activity of the heart
  • Heart sounds and murmurs: Abnormal heart sounds
  • Angina Pectoris: Chest pain
  • Myocardial Infarction: Heart Attack
  • Atherosclerosis, Coronary Spasm: Conditions affecting blood flow to the heart.
  • Influences on Heart Rate: Positive (increasing) and negative (decreasing) factors, such as hormones and drugs.

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Week 2 - The Heart PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system with questions about veins, arteries, heart valves, and the functions of different chambers of the heart. This quiz covers essential concepts and roles related to blood circulation and cardiac structures.

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