Cardiovascular System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the tunica intima in blood vessels?

  • Facilitate exchange of gases and nutrients (correct)
  • Regulate blood flow with smooth muscle contraction
  • Serve as a barrier to prevent blood clotting
  • Provide structural support to the vessel

Which layer of a blood vessel is primarily responsible for the vessel's elasticity?

  • Internal elastic membrane
  • Tunica media (correct)
  • Tunica externa
  • Subendothelial layer

What role do valves play within certain blood vessels?

  • They prevent the backflow of blood (correct)
  • They increase the speed of blood flow
  • They serve as an energy source for blood circulation
  • They regulate the exchange of blood between arteries and veins

The vasa vasorum is primarily associated with which component of blood vessels?

<p>Tunica externa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Facilitate nutrient and gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels are classified primarily as capacitance vessels?

<p>Small veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arteries are responsible for distributing blood throughout the body?

<p>Muscular arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries?

<p>To exchange nutrients and waste (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects arterioles and venules within the circulatory system?

<p>Capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the venous system, what is the role of postcapillary venules?

<p>They collect blood from capillaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of veins primarily serve as capacitance vessels?

<p>Large veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of arteries is primarily involved in resistance in the circulatory system?

<p>Arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures can be found in the lymphatic system?

<p>Lymphatic capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries?

<p>To carry blood away from the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of arteries allows them to stretch and recoil?

<p>Elastic fibres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary is most permeable?

<p>Sinusoid capillary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do valves in veins prevent?

<p>Backflow of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in arterioles helps control blood flow into capillary beds?

<p>Smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes elastic arteries from muscular arteries?

<p>Muscular arteries contain more smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pericytes in capillaries?

<p>To stabilize capillary walls and control permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature do veins have that aids in returning blood to the heart?

<p>Valves to prevent backflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates and spreads electrical impulses in the heart?

<p>Pacemaker cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac action potential does Ca2+ enter the cells?

<p>The plateau (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the repolarization phase in a cardiac action potential?

<p>75 msec (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period known as when the atria are relaxed and filling with blood?

<p>Atrial diastole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the contraction of the atria?

<p>Atrial systole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valves close to produce the 'lub' sound during the cardiac cycle?

<p>Atrioventricular valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart's electrical conduction system serves as the pacemaker?

<p>Sinoatrial node (SAN) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents excitation from reaching the ventricles directly from the atria?

<p>Non-conducting walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the left ventricle contract and blood is pumped into the aorta?

<p>Ventricular systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

<p>Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the bundle of His after it receives impulses from the AVN?

<p>Electrical impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the small delay after AVN stimulation?

<p>To allow for atrial contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during atrial systole?

<p>Blood moves from the atria to the ventricles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cardiac cycle involves the closure of the semi lunar valves?

<p>Ventricular systole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical stroke volume for an adult at rest?

<p>75 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the pressure difference have on the atrioventricular valves?

<p>It causes them to open. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are venules primarily formed from?

<p>Capillary beds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents the backflow of blood in veins?

<p>Valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the heart's outer layer?

<p>Connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericardium?

<p>To prevent overexpansion of the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cardiac muscle cells primarily generate energy?

<p>Aerobic metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall is the thickest?

<p>Myocardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains the major cardiac blood vessels and is filled with protective fat?

<p>Coronary sulcus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells provides the pumping action of the heart?

<p>Contractile cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart has a thicker wall due to its role in pumping blood to the body?

<p>Left ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects cardiac muscle cells and aids in the transmission of action potentials?

<p>Intercalated discs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tunica Intima

The innermost layer of a blood vessel, consisting of endothelium, a subendothelial layer, and an internal elastic membrane.

Tunica Media

The middle layer of a blood vessel, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Tunica Externa

The outermost layer of a blood vessel, made of collagen fibers, providing support and anchoring.

Vasa Vasorum

Tiny blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the walls of larger blood vessels.

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Capillary

A thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel that allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissue.

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Systole

The period when the heart chambers contract. Remember the term 'systole' is a contraction.

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Diastole

The period when the heart chambers relax. Remember the term 'diastole' is a relaxation.

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Atrial Diastole

The stage where the atria are relaxed and fill with blood.

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Atrial Systole

The stage where the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles.

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Ventricular Diastole

The stage where the ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood from the atria.

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Ventricular Systole

The stage where the ventricles contract and pump blood to the lungs and the body.

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Stroke Volume

The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each heartbeat.

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Cardiac Output

The amount of blood pumped around the body per minute, calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.

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Arteries

Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body.

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Arterioles

Smaller branches of arteries that connect to capillaries, they are responsible for regulating blood flow.

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Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels in the body, where exchange of gases and nutrients occurs.

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Veins

Large vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

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Venules

Small branches of veins that connect to capillaries.

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Lymphatic System

A network of vessels that collect and transport excess fluid from the tissues back to the circulatory system.

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Lymph Nodes

Specialized nodes within the lymphatic system that filter lymph and contain immune cells.

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Arteriovenous Anastomoses

Direct connections between arteries and veins that bypass capillary beds.

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Epicardium

Outermost layer of the heart, a serous membrane.

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Myocardium

Middle layer of the heart, composed of thick heart muscle.

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Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart, lining the pumping chambers and continuous with the endothelium.

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Intercalated Discs

Specialized junctions connecting cardiac muscle cells, allowing for transmission of tension and action potentials.

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Auricle

Outer portion of the atrium, resembling an ear.

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Coronary Sulcus

Deep groove separating the atria and ventricles.

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Interventricular Sulci

Deep grooves separating the left and right ventricles.

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Cardiac Conduction System

The specialized cells in the heart that initiate and spread electrical impulses, responsible for the heartbeat.

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Pacemaker Cells

Specialized cells within the conduction system that rhythmically generate electrical impulses, setting the pace of the heartbeat.

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Sinoatrial Node (SAN)

The primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium, initiating each heartbeat.

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Atrioventricular Node (AVN)

The specialized conducting tissue that transmits electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, ensuring coordinated contraction.

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Bundle of His

The bundle of specialized conducting tissue that carries impulses from the AVN to the Purkinje fibers, located in the septum between the ventricles.

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Purkinje Fibers

Specialized conducting fibers that branch throughout the ventricular walls, spreading electrical impulses to ensure coordinated contraction.

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What are arteries?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, specifically from the ventricles, under high pressure. They have a narrow lumen and thick walls, designed to withstand this pressure.

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What are the key structural components of arteries?

Arteries contain three main layers: collagen for shape and support, elastic fibers for stretching and recoiling, and smooth muscle for contraction. These layers work together to regulate blood flow and maintain the vessel's integrity.

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Define Elastic Arteries

Elastic arteries are the largest arteries, such as the aorta, with a high amount of elastin in their walls. This enables them to expand and recoil, helping to maintain a steady blood flow.

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Define Muscular Arteries

Muscular arteries are smaller than elastic arteries. They have a thicker layer of smooth muscle, allowing them to regulate blood flow more precisely to specific organs.

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What are capillaries and what is their function?

Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels with thin walls that allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

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What are continuous capillaries?

Continuous capillaries are the most common type, found in tissues like skin and muscle. They have a continuous lining, making them less permeable.

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What are Fenestrated capillaries?

Fenestrated capillaries have larger pores or fenestrations in their walls, making them more permeable. These are found in areas where active filtration or absorption occurs.

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What are Sinusoid capillaries?

Sinusoid capillaries are the most permeable type. They have large gaps between cells, allowing for large molecules and even cells to pass through. These are found in organs like the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • The heart is composed of cardiac muscle.
  • It is the size of a fist and located in the thoracic cavity.
  • The heart is surrounded by a fibrous membrane called the pericardium.

Blood Vessels

  • Structure and function of the heart
  • Blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries
  • Generalized structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure. They have thick walls and contain collagen, smooth muscles and elastic fibers.
  • Veins carry blood toward the heart under low pressure. They have thinner walls, a wider lumen, and valves to prevent backflow.
  • Venules are formed when capillaries unite and are very porous.
  • Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels involved in the exchange of substances between blood and tissues.

Capillaries

  • Microscopic blood vessels with thin walls.
  • Allow single RBCs to pass through at a time
  • Pericytes help stabilize walls, control permeability
  • In all tissues except cartilage, epithelia, cornea, and lens of the eye
  • Exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones between blood and interstitial fluid
  • Three types: continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid

Capillary Beds

  • Interwoven networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules
  • Blood flows through true capillaries or the shunt, depending on precapillary sphincter state.

Arteries

  • Large, thick-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics
  • Aorta and its major branches - offer low resistance
  • Muscular arteries distal to elastic arteries, deliver blood to body organs.
  • Arterioles have thick tunica media, are the smallest arteries, leading to capillary beds, and control blood flow.

Veins

  • Formed when capillaries unite
  • Very porous endothelium and a few pericytes
  • Larger venules have one or two smooth muscle layers
  • Large-diameter lumens offer little resistance
  • Venous valves prevent blood backflow
  • Venous sinuses: flattened veins with extremely thin walls

Heart

  • The heart is divided into four chambers (two atria & two ventricles).
  • Atria receive blood, ventricles pump blood.
  • Heart valves (tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, aortic) ensure one-way blood flow.
  • The heart's function is to pump blood around the body.

Cardiac Cycle

  • The cardiac cycle involves the relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles.
  • Systole refers to contraction, diastole to relaxation
  • The cycle is controlled by detecting changes in pressure across the heart chambers.
  • This cycle results in heart sounds: Lub-dub

The Heart Wall

  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium): outermost layer, serous membrane
  • Myocardium: middle layer, thick muscle layer, responsible for pumping blood.
  • Endocardium: inner lining of the chambers, continuous with endothelium

Heart Valves

  • Valves ensure one-way blood flow through the heart.
  • Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction
  • Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation.

Coronary Circulation

  • Blood vessels supplying the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
  • The coronary arteries originate from the aorta.
  • The coronary veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Electrical Activity in the Heart

  • The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart's pacemaker.
  • The atrioventricular (AV) node transmits the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles.
  • The bundle branches and Purkinje fibers conduct the signal throughout the ventricles.
  • An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart
  • Abnormal ECGs can diagnose heart defects.

Congenital Heart Defects

  • Present at birth affecting the structure of heart
  • Can involve faulty heart valves abnormal pathways of blood flow etc

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)

  • Congenital heart defects, atherosclerosis, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke.
  • High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for CVD.

Clinical Problems

  • Myocardial Infarction (MI): death of heart muscle due to oxygen deprivation
  • Angina Pectoris: chest pain due to ischemia
  • Strokes: interruption of blood supply to the brain

Procedures to Manage CVD

  • Angioplasty
  • Bypass Graft

Artificial Heart

  • Temporary solution for heart failure patients awaiting transplant

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Related Documents

The Cardiovascular System Lecture PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system, including the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels. This quiz covers the key components such as arteries, veins, capillaries, and the unique characteristics of each. Perfect for students in biology or health sciences.

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