Cardiovascular System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for contraction?

  • Myocardium (correct)
  • Epicardium
  • Endocardium
  • Pericardium

    • What characteristic allows myocardial cells to contract without external stimuli?

  • Conductivity
  • Rhythmicity
  • Automaticity (correct)
  • Contractility

    • Which part of the heart is located at the 5th intercostal space?

  • Apex (correct)
  • Right ventricle
  • Base
  • Left atrium

    • What anatomical feature indicates the cephalad portion of the heart?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what fraction of the heart lies to the left of the sternum?

    <p>2/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the media layer in the arterial system?

    <p>Contains contractile tissue for blood pressure regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about veins is correct?

    <p>Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between large arteries and small arterioles?

    <p>Elastic versus muscular properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular systole, what is the status of the AV and semilunar valves?

    <p>AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is NOT involved in the movement of blood within the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart rate?

    <p>Decreases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of beta1 receptors in the heart?

    <p>Increase heart rate and contractility when stimulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery primarily supplies the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Left Anterior Descending Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle are coronary arteries perfused?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries is responsible for feeding both the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes in most individuals?

    <p>Right Coronary Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines coronary artery perfusion?

    <p>Diastolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the heart primarily obtain more oxygen when needed?

    <p>By increasing coronary blood flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left main coronary artery branches into which of the following?

    <p>LAD and LCX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What formula is used to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = SV x HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal range for ejection fraction (EF)?

    <p>50-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases myocardial oxygen demand in cardiac physiology?

    <p>Resistance in peripheral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT act as a major risk factor for heart disease?

    <p>High HDL levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what HDL level is it considered a risk factor for men?

    <blockquote> <p>40 mg/dL</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process occurs during muscle activity to enhance oxygen delivery?

    <p>Hemoglobin releases oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is at higher risk of heart disease after age 65?

    <p>Both genders equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension in specific racial groups?

    <p>Heredity &amp; race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes diabetes types?

    <p>Type I is autoimmune and Type II is acquired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Damage to blood vessels and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the increased risk of coronary artery disease in diabetes?

    <p>Earlier onset of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy?

    <p>Orthostatic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for increased cardiovascular issues in diabetic patients?

    <p>Stress-related increased blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with diabetes?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the metabolic changes in diabetes when insulin is lacking?

    <p>The body shifts to fat metabolism for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may exacerbate the risk of complications in diabetic patients taking birth control pills?

    <p>Being older than 35 and smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course title: DPT 611 Cardiovascular Rehabilitation
    • Course overview: Includes learning objectives and communication preferences.
    • Assignment: FNIBBLE due by the end of week 3.

    Cardiovascular Risk Factors, CV Anatomy & Physiology

    • Course: DPT 611 Cardiovascular Rehabilitation
    • Instructor: Lora Packel PT, PhD
    • Semester: Spring 2025

    Learning Objectives

    • Students should be able to describe the normal cardiovascular and lymphatic system anatomy and physiology related to cardiovascular disease (CVD).
    • Students should be able to identify and categorize cardiovascular disease risk factors.
    • Students should be able to describe fundamental principles in exercise physiology related to the cardiovascular system.
    • Students should be able to define the movement system and apply it to the examination of a mock patient with cardiovascular disease.

    Cardiovascular Anatomy

    • Draw the heart with valves and the branches of the aorta, excluding coronary arteries (for now).
    • Do not move ahead in the presentation.

    Heart - Gross Anatomy

    • The base of the heart is located cranially and angled posteriorly.
    • The apex is situated around the 5th intercostal space.
    • About 2/3rds of the heart sits to the left of the sternum.
    • Heart layers: epicardium (visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium), myocardium, and endocardium.
    • Myocardial cells have automaticity (contract without stimulus), rhythmicity (beat in a pattern), and conductivity (transmit nerve impulses).

    Aorta Branches

    • Diagram of major branches should be studied.

    Blood Flow and the Cardiac Cycle

    • Work with a classmate to map and describe blood flow through the heart, prepare to present.
    • Do not look ahead in the presentation.

    Heart Chambers and Valves Information

    • Diagram of heart chambers and valves, flow of blood through the heart.

    Nervous System Influence on the Heart

    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls heart rate and contractility.
    • The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) slows the heart rate.
    • The sympathetic trunk (T1-T5) speeds up the heart rate and increases contractility (chronotropy and inotropy).
    • Beta-1 receptors in the heart respond to adrenaline and noradrenaline.

    Coronary Circulation

    • The aortic sinuses of Valsalva give rise to the right and left coronary arteries, which feed myocardial tissue.
    • The left main coronary artery divides into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the left circumflex (LCX) artery.

    Peripheral Circulation

    • Peripheral resistance impacts the heart's pumping effectiveness, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and influences blood flow to skeletal muscles (at rest and during activity).
    • Oxygen uptake by muscles depends on blood flow, hemoglobin, and myoglobin.
    • A-vO2 difference reflects oxygen use by tissues.

    Risk Factors for Heart Disease

    • Students should be familiar with common heart disease risk factors.
    • Review exercise physiology information; know normative values and recommended levels.
    • This material will be assessed.

    Major Risk Factors for Heart Disease and Stroke

    • Hypertension stages.
    • High cholesterol (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides).
    • Diabetes.
    • Obesity and overweight.
    • Smoking.
    • Cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides).
    • HDL targets (40 mg/dL MEN, >50 mg/dL WOMEN).

    Major Risk Factors Continued

    • Physical inactivity
    • Male gender (risk equals females after age 65, lower risk around age 50).
    • Heredity/Race (parental/sibling history before 55 increases risk, prevalence of hypertension in blacks).
    • Prevalence of obesity and smoking in specific ethnicities (Mexican-Americans, Hawaiians, Asian-Americans)
    • Age (risk increases with age)

    Diabetes and Heart Disease

    • Pathophysiology of diabetes is to be discussed in medical management courses.
    • The two types of diabetes (type I and type II).
    • Both forms are associated with insulin resistance or absence.
    • High blood glucose is harmful to blood vessels and nerves.
    • Individuals with diabetes have a two-fold increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as CAD, OMI, and OCVA, and heart failure.
    • Those with diabetes tend to have higher blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides.

    Diabetes: Macrovascular Changes

    • Coronary artery disease develops earlier in people with diabetes, and tends to be widespread.
    • Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes damages autonomous nerves affecting blood vessels and the heart.
    • Orthostatic hypotension (drop in blood pressure when standing), exercise intolerance, and silent myocardial infarction (heart attack without symptoms) are common associated complications of diabetes.

    Contributing Risk Factors

    • Stress raises blood pressure and increases myocardial oxygen demand.
    • Birth control pills increase risk if older than 35, smokes or has high blood pressure.
    • Alcohol intake can increase risk factors.

    Intro to Simulation Lab

    • Portion of students will attend the simulation lab; others will have a lecture in class on Thursday (rotate).
    • A schedule, 3-minute video, simulation introduction PowerPoint, and goals for the simulation experience will be posted before the lab.

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    Cardiac A and P, Risk Factors 2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system with this quiz that covers the anatomy and physiology of the heart and blood vessels. Questions range from the layers of the heart to the functions of various arteries and nerves involved in blood circulation.

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