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Cardiovascular Systems
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Cardiovascular Systems

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Questions and Answers

Which layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle and connective tissue, and is important for blood pressure control?

  • Tunica Media (correct)
  • Elastic Lamina
  • Tunica Intima
  • Tunica Externa

    • What type of blood vessel has a wall made of a single layer of cells and a very small lumen?

  • Venules
  • Elastic Conducting Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries (correct)

    • Which type of artery absorbs pressure generated by cardiac contractions to reduce peak systolic pressure?

  • Large Arteries (correct)
  • Muscular Distributing Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Elastic Conducting Arteries

    • What do small arteries/arterioles primarily act as?

    <p>Resistance vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of a blood vessel contains nerves, fibroblasts, and adipocytes, and controls overexpansion/collapse?

    <p>Tunica Externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the internal/external elastic lamina in the Tunica Media of a blood vessel?

    <p>Provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes veins from arteries in terms of their outer wall?

    <p>Veins have a thin outer wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscular distributing arteries?

    <p>Distribute blood to specific organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of blood vessel are vaso-vasorum found in some large vessels?

    <p>Tunica Externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of elastic conducting arteries, such as the aorta, in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Absorb pressure from cardiac contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force for blood flow in the vascular system?

    <p>Pressure gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to decreased volume and reduced blood pressure, and generally acts as a vasoconstrictor in the body?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of blood pressure in the body?

    <p>Cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide is released from atrial myocytes in response to increased pressures within the area, inhibits renin and reduces angiotensin 2 concentrations, and promotes salt and water uresis?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intrinsic ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in blood pressure?

    <p>Autoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin 1?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of natriuretic peptides in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Inhibition of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin 2 and increases reabsorption of salt and water from distal tubules?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main regulator of blood pressure that causes bradycardia and reabsorbs water from the final third of the distal tubules and collecting ducts?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor promotes vasoconstriction when flow is fast due to the removal of the local controls?

    <p>Autoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the pericardium?

    <p>Facilitating the contraction of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily triggers smooth muscle contraction in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood vessels does NOT contain valves?

    <p>Arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is described as branched, striated, and mononucleated?

    <p>Myocardial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

    <p>It generates the initial electrical impulse for atrial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of capillary is characterized by the presence of small pores within their endothelial lining?

    <p>Fenestrated capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the precapillary sphincters?

    <p>Controlling blood flow into capillary beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mediators is released by endothelial cells and acts as a vasodilator?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement of blood pressure reflects the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest?

    <p>Diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel primarily acts as resistance vessels and regulates blood pressure and blood flow through capillaries?

    <p>Arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes veins from arteries in terms of their outer wall composition?

    <p>Veins have a thin outer wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillaries in the vascular system?

    <p>To regulate and help direct blood flow to active organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of large arteries, such as the aorta, in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>To absorb pressure generated by cardiac contractions to reduce peak systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates smooth muscle contraction in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Increase in extracellular Ca$^{2+}$ concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pericardium?

    <p>Protection of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the SA node in the heart?

    <p>Atrial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphatic vessels in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Return leaked fluids to blood, preventing edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes venules from larger veins?

    <p>Narrow diameter and no tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls blood flow in arterioles?

    <p>Precapillary sphincters responding to local and neural mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the AV node in the heart?

    <p>Ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of systemic circulation?

    <p>Left ventricle pumping blood at higher pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Site of gas diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Physiological pump contributing to pressure maintenance and overseeing organ perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Control blood flow, responding to local and neural mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the valves in larger veins?

    <p>Assist blood flow back to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released in response to increased pressures within the ventricles, inhibits renin and reduces angiotensin 2 concentrations, and promotes salt and water uresis?

    <p>Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potent vasoconstrictor and leads to the production of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, increasing reabsorption of salt and water from distal tubules?

    <p>Angiotensin 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a regulator of blood pressure?

    <p>Cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to decreased volume and reduced blood pressure, and generally acts as a vasoconstrictor in the body?

    <p>Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a short-lived peptide released from atrial myocytes in response to increased pressures within the atria?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a regulator of blood pressure that directly causes some vasodilation, increases cGMP and NO, and decreases sympathetic tone and noradrenaline?

    <p>Natriuretic peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a short-lived peptide released from ventricular myocytes, mainly the left ventricle, in response to increased pressures within the ventricles?

    <p>Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a regulator of blood pressure that generally acts as a vasoconstrictor in the body, particularly affecting the skin and splanchnic circulation?

    <p>Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released by the kidneys in response to a fall in sodium, and acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin 1?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin 2, and increases reabsorption of salt and water from distal tubules?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Overview

    • Blood vessel diameter is regulated by various mediators released by endothelial cells, including vasodilators (histamine, nitric oxide, etc.) and vasoconstrictors (endothelin, thromboxane, etc.)
    • Venules have a narrow diameter and no tunica media, while larger veins contain valves to assist blood flow back to the heart
    • Arterioles and their precapillary sphincters control blood flow, responding to local and neural mechanisms
    • Capillaries are the site of gas diffusion and have continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous types
    • Lymphatic vessels return leaked fluids to blood, preventing edema and maintaining blood volume and pressure
    • Smooth muscle contraction in the cardiovascular system is initiated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations
    • The heart is a physiological pump that contributes to pressure maintenance and oversees organ perfusion
    • The pericardium is a protective sac surrounding the heart, and the heart has four cardiac chambers and four valves
    • The SA node is responsible for atrial contraction, while the AV node is responsible for ventricular contraction
    • Myocardial cells are branched, striated, and mononucleated, with a distinct pattern of electrical activity
    • Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels, with systolic and diastolic pressures being key measurements
    • Systemic circulation involves the left ventricle pumping blood at higher pressure, while pulmonary circulation involves the right ventricle pumping blood at lower pressure

    Cardiovascular System Overview

    • Blood vessel diameter is regulated by various mediators released by endothelial cells, including vasodilators (histamine, nitric oxide, etc.) and vasoconstrictors (endothelin, thromboxane, etc.)
    • Venules have a narrow diameter and no tunica media, while larger veins contain valves to assist blood flow back to the heart
    • Arterioles and their precapillary sphincters control blood flow, responding to local and neural mechanisms
    • Capillaries are the site of gas diffusion and have continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous types
    • Lymphatic vessels return leaked fluids to blood, preventing edema and maintaining blood volume and pressure
    • Smooth muscle contraction in the cardiovascular system is initiated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations
    • The heart is a physiological pump that contributes to pressure maintenance and oversees organ perfusion
    • The pericardium is a protective sac surrounding the heart, and the heart has four cardiac chambers and four valves
    • The SA node is responsible for atrial contraction, while the AV node is responsible for ventricular contraction
    • Myocardial cells are branched, striated, and mononucleated, with a distinct pattern of electrical activity
    • Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels, with systolic and diastolic pressures being key measurements
    • Systemic circulation involves the left ventricle pumping blood at higher pressure, while pulmonary circulation involves the right ventricle pumping blood at lower pressure

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    Cardiovascular Systems.docx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system with this overview quiz. Explore the regulation of blood vessel diameter, the function of different types of blood vessels, the role of the heart as a pump, and the intricacies of myocardial cells and blood pressure.

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