Cardiovascular System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What veins contribute to the formation of the superior vena cava?

  • Common iliac veins
  • Brachiocephalic veins (correct)
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Renal veins

Which vein receives blood from the brain before uniting with the subclavian vein?

  • Inferior vena cava
  • External jugular vein
  • Renal vein
  • Internal jugular vein (correct)

What is the primary function of the portal vein?

  • To collect blood from the lungs
  • To transport blood directly to the heart
  • To drain the lower part of the body
  • To carry venous blood from the digestive system to the liver (correct)

Where does the venous blood from the lungs re-enter the heart?

<p>Left atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the portal vein in the liver?

<p>It breaks up into a set of capillaries called sinusoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the inferior vena cava primarily drain?

<p>Lower body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first major artery blood encounters as it leaves the heart?

<p>Aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from obstruction of the portal vein?

<p>Portal hypertension leading to esophageal varices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding arteries?

<p>Collapse when cut (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artery supplies the outer surfaces of the head and neck?

<p>External carotid artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes veins?

<p>Contain valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pericardium?

<p>To protect and anchor the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery continues as the abdominal aorta after passing through the diaphragm?

<p>Descending thoracic aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the pericardium directly covers the heart?

<p>Visceral pericardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is the main artery of the upper limb?

<p>Axillary artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight of a human heart?

<p>300 gm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artery supplies the back of the leg?

<p>Posterior tibial artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a terminal branch of the descending aorta?

<p>Common iliac arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives venous drainage from the entire body?

<p>Right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sinusoids from capillaries?

<p>They are wider and have extremely thin walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuation of the external iliac artery?

<p>Femoral artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the heart is directed downwards and to the left?

<p>Apex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the radial artery generally become superficial?

<p>Above the wrist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery follows the ulna?

<p>Ulnar artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

<p>To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure of veins?

<p>Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is arterial anastomosis?

<p>The joining of branches of arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the walls of arteries compared to veins?

<p>Arteries have thicker walls to withstand blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of circulation is not typically associated with arteries?

<p>Lymphatic circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an opening of the left atrium?

<p>bicuspid opening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure carries the venous drainage of the heart tissue to the right atrium?

<p>coronary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when valves in the veins become incompetent?

<p>Varicose veins may develop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart has a wall that is three times thicker than another?

<p>left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures has the smallest diameter within the cardiovascular system?

<p>Capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery branches from the left coronary artery?

<p>circumflex artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the aorta from other arteries?

<p>It is the largest artery in the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein drains all veins of the heart?

<p>coronary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left ventricle?

<p>to pump oxygenated blood to the whole body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood does the right ventricle pump to the lungs?

<p>deoxygenated blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is NOT a branch of the aorta?

<p>marginal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

Arterial Anastomosis

The joining of branches of arteries to create alternative pathways.

Oxygenated blood

Blood containing oxygen.

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Deoxygenated blood

Blood containing little or no oxygen.

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Pulmonary artery

Artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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Pulmonary veins

Veins carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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Blood vessel wall thickness (arteries vs. veins)

Artery walls are thicker than vein walls to withstand higher blood pressure.

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Artery Structure

Arteries have thicker walls, narrower lumens, and typically do not contain valves.

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Vein Structure

Veins have thinner walls, wider lumens, and contain valves to prevent backflow.

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Heart Location

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ situated in the mediastinum, between the lungs, positioned obliquely.

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Pericardium Layers

The pericardium surrounds the heart and has two layers: a fibrous outer layer and a serous inner layer with visceral and parietal parts.

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Heart Chambers

The heart comprises four chambers: two atria (receiving chambers) and two ventricles (pumping chambers).

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Sinusoids Structure

Sinusoids are wider than capillaries, characterized by extremely thin walls. Found in specialized areas like liver, spleen, bone marrow, and endocrine glands.

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Arteriole Branches

Small arterioles branch out and their walls are one endothelial layer. Typical diameter is 7µm

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Anastomosis

Anastomosis are connections between blood vessels.

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Coronary Sinus

A large vein in the heart that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and delivers it to the right atrium.

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Tricuspid Valve

A valve that prevents blood from flowing back from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

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Mitral Valve

A valve that prevents blood from flowing back from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

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What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?

The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it gets oxygenated.

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How many pulmonary veins are connected to the left atrium?

Four pulmonary veins open into the left atrium; two from each lung, carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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Compare the wall thickness of the Left vs Right Ventricle

The left ventricle wall is three times thicker than the right ventricle wall.

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What are the branches of the Left Coronary Artery?

The Left Coronary Artery branches into the circumflex artery and the anterior inter-ventricular artery, supplying blood to the left side of the heart.

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Describe the venous drainage of the heart

All veins of the heart drain into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium.

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Common Carotid Artery

A major artery in the neck that supplies blood to the head and neck. It divides into the internal carotid artery (supplies brain) and external carotid artery (supplies face and scalp).

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Subclavian Artery

The artery that supplies blood to the shoulder and arm. It passes behind the clavicle (collarbone) and becomes the axillary artery in the armpit.

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Descending Thoracic Aorta

The continuation of the aortic arch that runs down the chest. It supplies blood to the chest wall and organs like the heart, lungs and esophagus.

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Descending Abdominal Aorta

The continuation of the descending thoracic aorta that runs through the abdomen. It supplies blood to the abdominal organs and lower limbs.

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Axillary Artery

The continuation of the subclavian artery in the armpit. It supplies blood to the shoulder, armpit, and upper arm.

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Brachial Artery

The artery that runs down the upper arm. It supplies blood to the upper arm and elbow. It splits into the radial and ulnar arteries at the elbow.

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Femoral Artery

The major artery in the thigh. It supplies blood to the thigh, knee, and lower leg.

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Popliteal Artery

The continuation of the femoral artery behind the knee. It supplies blood to the knee, calf, and lower leg.

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Superior Vena Cava

A large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs and delivers it to the right atrium of the heart.

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Inferior Vena Cava

A large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs, abdomen, and pelvis and delivers it to the right atrium of the heart.

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Systemic Circulation

The circulatory pathway that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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Pulmonary Circulation

The circulatory pathway that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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Portal Circulation

A specialized circulation pathway where blood from the digestive system is delivered to the liver for processing before returning to the heart.

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Portal Vein

A vein that carries blood from the digestive system to the liver.

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Hepatic Veins

Veins that carry blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.

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Portal Hypertension

Increased pressure in the portal vein, often caused by liver disease or blockage, leading to complications like esophageal varices and hemorrhoids.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and lymphatic vessels.
  • Lecture Objectives: Understand the components of the cardiovascular system, compare arteries and veins, know the position and size of the heart, describe the heart's structure and covering (pericardium), identify heart chambers, identify major arteries and veins, and understand different circulation types.
  • Resources: Gray's student anatomy, Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, Snell's clinical anatomy (online link provided), and YouTube video (link provided).

Arteries

  • Definition: Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery).
  • Structure: Thicker walls than veins to withstand blood pressure, no valves.
  • Main Arteries: Aorta and other medium-sized (muscular) arteries, accompanied by venae comitants. Smallest arteries are arterioles.
  • Pulmonary Artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
  • Anastomosis: Joining of arterial branches, providing alternative pathways (collateral circulation) if one branch is blocked.

Veins

  • Definition: Blood vessels carrying blood towards the heart; typically deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins).
  • Structure: Thinner walls than arteries; contain valves to prevent backflow.
  • Smallest Veins: Venules.
  • Varicose Veins: Veins with incompetent valves, causing dilation and tortuosity.

Capillaries

  • Definition: Smallest blood vessels; forming a network, allowing exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
  • Structure: One-cell layer thick (endothelial) walls for efficient diffusion; the average diameter is 7 μm.
  • Sinusoids: Wider capillaries with extremely thin walls, found in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and endocrine glands.

Heart

  • Structure: A hollow muscular organ, approximately the size of a fist, and weighing around 300 grams.
  • Position: Lies obliquely in the middle mediastinum, between the lungs.
  • Orientation: Base directed upward and right, apex directed downward and left.
  • Layers: Pericardium (fibrous, visceral, parietal), containing pericardial cavity with fluid.
  • External Features and Borders: Superior, right, left, and inferior borders, identified by atrium and ventricle locations.

Heart Interior

  • Chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
  • Valves: Tricuspid, mitral (bicuspid), pulmonary semilunar, aortic semilunar valves.
  • Blood Flow through the chambers: How blood flows through the heart, including pulmonary and systemic circulation descriptions.

Circulation

  • Systemic Circulation: Blood flow from the heart to the body, through arteries, capillaries, and veins, returning to the heart via the vena cava.
  • Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flow from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, and return to the heart through pulmonary veins.
  • Portal Circulation: A specialized circulation route for blood from the digestive system to the liver for processing before entering the systemic circulation.

Arteries of the Body

  • Aorta: Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta (with various branches).
  • Branches of the Aorta: Coronary arteries, brachiocephalic artery, common carotid arteries, subclavian arteries, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, and many other branches. Specific information on branches of the aortic arch exist.
  • Arteries of the Upper Limb: Axillary artery, brachial artery, radial artery, ulnar artery, and palmer arches are described.

Arteries of the Lower Limb

  • Arteries of the Lower Limb: Femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior and posterior tibial arteries, dorsalis pedis arteries, and plantar arches are detailed.

Veins of the Body

  • Superior Vena Cava: Collects blood from the upper body.
  • Inferior Vena Cava: Collects blood from the lower body.
  • Tributaries: Veins that drain into the superior and inferior vena cava (with detailed descriptions).

Questions and Answers

  • Sample multiple choice questions on various aspects of the heart's anatomy, vessels, and circulation are provided. The answers are indicated.

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Cardiovascular System Lecture 6 PDF

Description

Dive into the intricate components of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, arteries, and veins. This quiz will test your understanding of the anatomy and function of this vital system. Explore the differences between arteries and veins, heart structure, and circulation types.

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