Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the sequence of events that leads to septic shock?
Which condition is directly associated with massive vasodilation due to an allergic reaction?
Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for decreased blood vessel elasticity?
What risk factor is associated with both obesity and diabetes mellitus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of shock is specifically caused by spinal cord injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is primarily responsible for tissue perfusion in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion leading to multiorgan dysfunction?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by the obstruction of arteries due to a disease known as Arteriosclerosis obliterans?
Signup and view all the answers
Which blood vessels are classified as resistance vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vessel is the largest artery in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is best known for causing occlusion in the blood vessels of the upper extremity?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of venous disorders, what does VTE stand for?
Signup and view all the answers
What can result from a decrease in heart pump function?
Signup and view all the answers
What lifestyle change is recommended to manage vascular conditions such as Varicose veins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes veins in terms of muscular layer and pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal blood volume in the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
What nursing intervention is suitable for managing patients with conditions associated with Arterial Insufficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of shock is primarily caused by blood loss?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of valvular insufficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What might be a compensatory mechanism in response to valvular heart disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is an acquired cause of valvular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding physiologic cardiomegaly?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of cardiogenic shock due to valvular stenosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is another name for Buerger's Disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is primarily associated with hardening of the small arteries and plaque formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common symptom of arterial insufficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
The inflow of blood in venous insufficiency is challenging due to what primary issue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which age group is at higher risk for vascular insufficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What common lifestyle factor increases the risk of vascular diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition results from inflammation of the veins and can accompany venous insufficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Pale and cool skin in arterial insufficiency is primarily due to what?
Signup and view all the answers
A nursing diagnosis of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion is associated with which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of venous insufficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- A closed system that is responsible for transporting blood to all parts of the body.
- Vital system for survival.
- Insufficient blood volume leads to decreased tissue perfusion, which can result in shock.
- Heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
- Insufficient pumping action can lead to cardiogenic shock.
- Causes of Cardiogenic Shock:
- Infection: inflammation and vasodilation resulting in septic shock.
- Allergy: inflammation and vasodilation resulting in anaphylactic shock.
- Spinal Cord Injury: Neurogenic shock.
Blood Vessels
- Arteries:
- Resistance vessels with a thick muscular layer.
- Higher pressure inside.
- Largest artery is the Aorta.
- Blood spurts when an artery is cut.
- Veins:
- Capacitance vessels with a thinner muscular layer.
- Wider lumen → lower pressure.
- Largest vein is the Inferior vena cava.
- Distributing vessels that act as exchange vessels.
Risk Factors for Vascular Problems (Arteries and Veins)
- Age: Blood vessels become less elastic as we age.
- Family history: genetic disposition.
- Sedentary lifestyle: lack of physical activity.
- Smoking: damages blood vessels and increases risk of clots.
- Alcohol: damages blood vessels and can lead to high blood pressure.
- Stress: can raise blood pressure.
- Diabetes Mellitus: damages blood vessels and increases inflammation.
- Obesity: Contributes to high blood pressure and diabetes.
- Arterial Peripheral Disease (PAD): Arterial insufficiency affecting the lower extremities, typically due to arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) or Raynaud’s Disease.
Vascular Insufficiency
- Venous Insufficiency: Blood cannot flow upwards, resulting in increased pressure in the veins and potential for inflammation.
- Varicose Veins: Enlarged, twisted veins, often in the legs.
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Blood clot in a deep vein, often in the legs.
- Arterial Insufficiency: Limited blood flow, due to blockages or narrowing of arteries.
- Leg Pain: caused by ischemia (lack of O2) and is often more severe with movement, known as "claudication."
- Skin: Pale, thin hair, and lack of edema.
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
- Arteriosclerosis Obliterans (ASO): Hardening and plaque formation in small arteries.
- Atherosclerosis: Common risk factor for ASO
- Lower Extremities are commonly affected.
- Etiology: Often idiopathic (no known cause).
- Risk Factors:
- Age: 60+ years old
- Family History
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Obesity
- Hypertension
- Diabetes Mellitus
- High fat/cholesterol diet
- Commonly affects men.
- Signs and symptoms:
- Leg pain
- Claudication
- Cool, pale skin
- Thinning hair
- No Edema
Nursing Interventions for Vascular Insufficiency
- Positioning: Dependent Position (reverse Trendelenburg)
- Risk for Infection (Sepsis): Carefully monitor and prevent infections.
- Risk for Shock (Septic Shock): Identify and manage any signs of shock.
Valvular Insufficiency and Valvular Stenosis
- Valvular Insufficiency: Valves do not close completely, leading to backflow (regurgitation).
- Valvular Stenosis: Valves do not open completely, resulting in narrowing and decreased cardiac output, potentially leading to cardiogenic shock.
- Etiology:
- Congenital: A birth defect, such as Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) - can involve pulmonic stenosis.
- Acquired:
- Rheumatic Fever: Can cause RHD (Rheumatic Heart Disease).
- Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, can lead to valvular defects.
- Signs:
- Presence of a Heart murmur
- Compensatory mechanism: Cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) to maintain cardiac output.
- Cardiomegaly is often irreversible, and only occurs due to a pathologic condition; a healthy heart can experience physiological cardiomegaly from strenuous activities.
- Nursing Interventions:
- Valvuloplasty (Repair)
- Valvular Replacement: Use of mechanical or fibrous valve.
- Support Cardiac Function: Rest, stress reduction, infection avoidance.
Additional Information (Not directly in the text)
- There are additional causes of valvular insufficiency: Prolapse (valve flaps) - common one, also can be caused by a congenital abnormality.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the essential functions and components of the cardiovascular system. This quiz covers the transport of blood, the role of the heart, and the types of shock that can arise from insufficient blood flow. Test your knowledge of arteries, veins, and related health implications.
