Cardiovascular System Overview and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the heart valves?

  • To facilitate pumping of blood to various body parts
  • To provide structural support to the heart muscles
  • To regulate the temperature of the blood
  • To ensure a one-way flow of blood (correct)

Which heart valve is identified as the tricuspid valve?

  • The valve located before the aorta
  • The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
  • The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle (correct)
  • The valve located between the left and right pulmonary veins

What structure helps to keep the heart valves in the correct position during contraction?

  • Chorion tendineae
  • Coronary arteries
  • Septum
  • Papillary muscles (correct)

Which of the following statements about the aorta is correct?

<p>It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of blood flow, which vessels are responsible for returning blood to the heart?

<p>Superior and inferior vena cava (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the shape of erythrocytes?

<p>Concave shaped without a nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

<p>Transporting oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen?

<p>Tense form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone increases the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels?

<p>Erythropoietin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

<p>Absorbed directly by plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from an increase in bilirubin levels?

<p>Jaundice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of aplastic anemia?

<p>Viral infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is characterized by the absence or faulty forms of alpha or beta globulin?

<p>Thalassemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do valves in the heart and veins serve in the circulatory system?

<p>They ensure that blood moves in one direction only. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>It functions as a closed system to transport materials throughout the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Blood vessels, blood, and heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What decreases over distance as blood flows from the aorta to the vena cava?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is blood flow maintained against friction in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Through the use of valves that minimize backflow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for pressure falling as blood moves from the heart?

<p>Fluid friction against vessel walls increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the network of tubes that facilitate the transport of blood in the cardiovascular system called?

<p>Blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs) within the cardiovascular system?

<p>To transport oxygen to body tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endothelial cells in the tunica interna?

<p>Control blood vessel contraction and dilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of blood vessels is primarily composed of smooth muscle cells?

<p>Tunica media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes arteries from arterioles?

<p>Size of the blood vessel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vasa vasorum in the tunica externa of blood vessels?

<p>Provide oxygen and nutrients to the external layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily composes the tunica externa?

<p>Collagen and elastin fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel type is responsible for most peripheral resistance?

<p>Arterioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media?

<p>Basement membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Exchange nutrients and waste between blood and tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the unstable resting potential in phase 4 of the pacemaker action potential?

<p>Na+ inward current followed by Ca2+ inward current (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave in the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of the ventricles?

<p>QRS-Wave (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular system is correct?

<p>Capillaries are responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients with cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does an electrocardiogram (ECG) NOT provide information about?

<p>Blood pressure directly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cardiovascular system, what is the primary role of veins?

<p>Act as a reservoir for blood volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the heart's electrical system is responsible for initiating the action potential?

<p>Sinoatrial node (SA node) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does End Diastolic Volume (EDV) represent in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for providing structural support and elasticity?

<p>Adventitia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ventricular contraction correspond to in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiac cells are responsible for generating mechanical force?

<p>Myocardial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pacemaker cells in the heart?

<p>To initiate spontaneous action potentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the myocardial action potential do voltage-gated Na+ channels open?

<p>Phase 0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event occurs during the plateau phase (Phase 2) of the myocardial action potential?

<p>Ca2+ inward current increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs after the action potential reaches the muscle cell membrane?

<p>Depolarization spreads to T-tubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the long refractory period in cardiac muscle?

<p>Prevention of tetany (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary difference between myocardial cell action potentials and those of neurons/skeletal muscle?

<p>Myocardial action potentials have a plateau phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are heart valves?

Heart valves are structures within the heart that prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring a one-way flow.

What is the function of the aortic semilunar valve?

The aortic semilunar valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta.

What are chordae tendineae?

Chordae tendineae are tough, fibrous cords that attach to the cusps of the AV valves and to papillary muscles within the ventricles.

What is the role of papillary muscles?

Papillary muscles are finger-like projections located in the ventricles. They help to prevent the AV valves from prolapsing (bulging) back into the atria during ventricular contraction.

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What are the two sets of valves in the heart?

The two sets of valves are the atrioventricular (AV) valves and the semilunar valves.

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Cardiovascular System

A network of blood vessels, blood, and the heart working together to transport materials throughout the body.

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Blood Vessels

Tubes that carry blood throughout the body, acting as the conduction system for the cardiovascular system.

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Blood

The fluid that circulates through the blood vessels, carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. It acts as the carrier in the cardiovascular system.

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Heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels, acting as the pump for the cardiovascular system.

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Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation

Two main circulatory systems: - Pulmonary circuit: carries blood to and from the lungs - Systemic circuit: carries blood to and from the rest of the body.

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Pressure Gradient

The difference in pressure between the heart and the rest of the circulatory system that drives blood flow. Blood flows from high pressure to low pressure.

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Friction & Resistance

Friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels creates resistance, which opposes blood flow and causes a pressure drop along the circulatory system.

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One-Way Blood Flow

Blood moves in one direction only through the cardiovascular system thanks to valves in the heart and veins.

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Pacemaker Action Potential Phase 4

The unstable resting potential of pacemaker cells, characterized by a gradual depolarization leading to an action potential.

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Funny Current (If)

A mixed sodium and calcium inward current responsible for the slow depolarization during Phase 4 of the pacemaker action potential.

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ECG P-Wave

Represents atrial depolarization, the electrical activity of the atria contracting.

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ECG QRS Complex

Represents ventricular depolarization, the electrical activity of the ventricles contracting.

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ECG T-Wave

Represents ventricular repolarization, the electrical activity of the ventricles relaxing.

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EDV (End Diastolic Volume)

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation) before contraction.

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ESV (End Systolic Volume)

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole (contraction).

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Cardiac Cycle

The rhythmic sequence of events that occur during one heartbeat.

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Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart.

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Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles relax and refill with blood.

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Myocardial Cells

The main cell type in the heart responsible for contraction. They generate force to pump blood.

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Pacemaker Cells

Specialized heart cells responsible for initiating and regulating the heartbeat. They generate electrical signals that coordinate contractions.

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Excitation-Contraction Coupling (ECC)

The process that links electrical excitation of a heart cell to its physical contraction. It involves a chain reaction starting with an action potential and ending with muscle contraction.

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Action Potential (Myocardial Cells)

The electrical signal that triggers the contraction of myocardial cells. It has a characteristic shape with distinct phases.

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Plateau Phase

A unique feature of the myocardial action potential where the membrane stays depolarized for a longer period, allowing for sustained contraction and preventing tetanus.

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Long Refractory Period

The period during which a heart muscle cell cannot be re-excited, preventing sustained contractions (tetanus) and ensuring proper heart function.

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Tunica Intima

The innermost layer of blood vessels, composed of endothelial cells, a basement membrane, and in arteries, an internal elastic lamina.

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Endothelial Cells

Cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels, controlling contractility and secreting factors that regulate blood vessel diameter.

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Tunica Media

The middle layer of blood vessels, primarily composed of smooth muscle cells that maintain vascular tone and regulate blood flow.

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Tunica Externa

The outermost layer of blood vessels, consisting of collagen and elastin fibers, as well as vasa vasorum (small blood vessels that supply the vessel itself).

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Vasa Vasorum

Tiny blood vessels found in the tunica externa of larger arteries and veins, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the vessel wall.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, containing elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue that regulate blood pressure.

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Arterioles

Small blood vessels branching from arteries, contributing to blood pressure regulation and responsible for most of peripheral resistance.

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Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels connecting arterioles to venules, facilitating nutrient exchange between blood and tissues.

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What are Red Blood Cells called?

Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are the most abundant cells in the body and are responsible for oxygen transport.

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What makes Red Blood Cells unique?

Red blood cells are unique because they lack a nucleus (anucleated) and are concave in shape. This shape increases surface area for oxygen absorption and allows for flexibility to move through small blood vessels.

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What molecule binds to oxygen?

Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells responsible for binding and transporting oxygen throughout the body. It contains iron atoms that allow it to attach to oxygen molecules.

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How does Haemoglobin change to bind oxygen?

Haemoglobin exists in two forms: tense and relaxed. The tense form has low oxygen affinity, whereas the relaxed form has high affinity. When oxygen binds to haemoglobin, it transitions from tense to relaxed.

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What is Erythropoietin?

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys (and liver in the fetal stage) that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, ensuring sufficient oxygen levels in the body.

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What happens when haemoglobin breaks down?

When old red blood cells are broken down, haemoglobin is also broken down, releasing bilirubin. Increased bilirubin levels lead to yellowing of the skin and eyes, a condition called jaundice.

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What is Anaemia?

Anaemia is a condition where the body doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to tissues. There are various types of anaemia, including iron deficiency, thalassemia, aplastic, sickle cell, and vitamin deficiency.

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What causes Aplastic Anaemia?

Aplastic anaemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, including red blood cells. This can be caused by various factors like autoimmune disorders, toxic substances, chemotherapy, viral infections, and certain medications.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Overview

  • Principal components include blood vessels, blood, and heart.
  • The cardiovascular system functions as a closed system, transporting materials throughout the body.
  • Blood vessels are tubes carrying blood.
  • Blood is the fluid contained within the blood vessels.
  • The heart acts as a pump that propels blood throughout the system.

Cardiovascular System Function Details

  • Blood pressure is generated within the heart to consistently propel blood throughout the body's system.
  • Blood absorbs oxygen (lungs), nutrients (GI tract), and delivers these to body cells.
  • In parallel, cells release cellular waste for removal by excretion processes (liver and renal system).

Cardiovascular System Flow and Valves

  • Blood moves in a unidirectional manner.
  • Valves in the heart and veins ensure blood flow only in one direction.
  • Blood pressure decreases as it moves away from the heart owing to friction.
  • This friction creates resistance against blood movement .

Heart Structure and Function

  • The heart is principally composed of myocardium.
  • The heart is surrounded by a membranous sac, the pericardium, containing fluid to cushion the organ..
  • The ventricles are the major components of the heart, where arteries and veins attach to the base.
  • The heart has four main chambers.
    • 2 atria
    • 2 ventricles
  • Blood vessels include pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body except the lungs) circuits.

Heart and Blood Vessel Structure (Details)

  • Blood vessels:
    • Arteries: strong, elastic vessels carrying blood away from the heart; conduct to capillaries.
    • Capillaries: vessel walls facilitating exchange with body cells.
    • Veins: return blood to the heart; incorporate valves to facilitate one-way flow.

Blood Constituents and Composition

  •  Blood comprises:
    • Plasma (55%)
    • Formed elements (45%)
    • Plasma proteins such as albumins.
    • Formed elements such as red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Concave-shaped, anucleated cells.
  •  Abundant in the body.
  •  Contain hemoglobin (oxygen-transporting protein).
  •  Develop in bone marrow and are recycled by macrophages.
  •  Account for majority of blood content.

Hemoglobin

  •  Protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport in vertebrates.
  • Contains four subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta).
  • Each subunit contains iron, facilitating oxygen binding. One hemoglobin molecule can bind to four oxygen molecules.
  •  Hemoglobin exists in relaxed and tense forms. Relaxed form has high oxygen affinity.

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange/Transport

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the alveolus (in the lungs).
  • Oxygen is taken up into the blood and circulated to body cells.
  • Carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the alveoli.
  • Carbon dioxide is transported in blood in three forms; bicarbonate is the major form.

Cardiovascular Physiology

  • Includes detailed description of cardiovascular cycle, action potentials/ECG etc

Cardiovascular System Diseases

  • Diseases like anemia (iron deficiency, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, pernicious anemia) are detailed.

Blood Clotting

  • Blood clotting mechanisms, platelet activation, coagulation pathways, and disorders (coagulation and bleeding disorders) are included.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of the cardiovascular system in this quiz. Learn about the main components, functions, and structures involved in blood circulation. Test your understanding of how blood flows, the role of the heart, and the importance of valves in maintaining unidirectional flow.

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