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Questions and Answers
What occurs during the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle action potentials?
What occurs during the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle action potentials?
What is the role of the plateau phase in cardiac muscle action potentials?
What is the role of the plateau phase in cardiac muscle action potentials?
Which of the following is NOT part of the heart's conduction system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the heart's conduction system?
During which phase do K+ channels open and Ca2+ channels close in cardiac muscle action potentials?
During which phase do K+ channels open and Ca2+ channels close in cardiac muscle action potentials?
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How does the duration of cardiac muscle action potentials compare to that of skeletal muscle?
How does the duration of cardiac muscle action potentials compare to that of skeletal muscle?
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What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
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How much blood does a healthy adult heart pump per minute at rest?
How much blood does a healthy adult heart pump per minute at rest?
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What are the two types of circulation associated with the heart?
What are the two types of circulation associated with the heart?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the heart?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the heart?
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What characteristic compares the size of the heart to a common object?
What characteristic compares the size of the heart to a common object?
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What is the weight of the heart relative to common measurements?
What is the weight of the heart relative to common measurements?
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What role does the right side of the heart play?
What role does the right side of the heart play?
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For how long does a healthy heart typically pump at the same rate?
For how long does a healthy heart typically pump at the same rate?
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What occurs during atrial systole?
What occurs during atrial systole?
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Which heart valves closure produces the first heart sound?
Which heart valves closure produces the first heart sound?
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What is the normal stroke volume in milliliters per heartbeat?
What is the normal stroke volume in milliliters per heartbeat?
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What does cardiac output measure?
What does cardiac output measure?
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What contributes to the production of the second heart sound?
What contributes to the production of the second heart sound?
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What is the average heart rate in beats per minute?
What is the average heart rate in beats per minute?
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During ventricular diastole, what process takes place?
During ventricular diastole, what process takes place?
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What physiological event is directly associated with heart sounds?
What physiological event is directly associated with heart sounds?
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What does cardiac output (CO) equal?
What does cardiac output (CO) equal?
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Which term describes the amount of blood returning to the heart?
Which term describes the amount of blood returning to the heart?
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What effect does exercise have on venous return, preload, and stroke volume?
What effect does exercise have on venous return, preload, and stroke volume?
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What is the concept of after load in the context of heart function?
What is the concept of after load in the context of heart function?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response affecting heart activity?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response affecting heart activity?
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Which of the following best describes intrinsic regulation of the heart?
Which of the following best describes intrinsic regulation of the heart?
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What is the role of baroreceptors in heart function?
What is the role of baroreceptors in heart function?
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According to Starling’s Law of the Heart, what influences stroke volume?
According to Starling’s Law of the Heart, what influences stroke volume?
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What role do baroreceptors play in the cardiovascular system?
What role do baroreceptors play in the cardiovascular system?
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How do changes in blood pressure affect baroreceptors?
How do changes in blood pressure affect baroreceptors?
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Which chemicals can increase heart rate and stroke volume?
Which chemicals can increase heart rate and stroke volume?
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What can decrease cardiac output?
What can decrease cardiac output?
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What condition is indicated by a lack of adequate blood supply to the cardiac muscle?
What condition is indicated by a lack of adequate blood supply to the cardiac muscle?
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What is the main purpose of angioplasty?
What is the main purpose of angioplasty?
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What happens during a myocardial infarction?
What happens during a myocardial infarction?
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What is the function of a stent in cardiac procedures?
What is the function of a stent in cardiac procedures?
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Study Notes
The Cardiovascular System
- The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body, it is part of the cardiovascular system.
- Blood circulates through the body using two distinct systems: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.
- The pulmonary circulation routes blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
- The systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Functions of the Heart
- The heart generates blood pressure.
- The heart routes blood through the body.
- The heart ensures one-way flow of blood.
- The heart regulates the supply of blood to tissues.
Heart Characteristics
- The heart is about the size of a fist and weighs less than a pound.
- Cardiac muscle cells contract when stimulated by action potentials.
- Action potentials of cardiac muscle cells are longer than action potentials of skeletal muscle cells.
Conduction System of Heart
- The conduction system of the heart is composed of specialized muscle cells that coordinate atrial and ventricular contractions.
- Cells in the conduction system can produce spontaneous action potentials.
- The conduction system includes: the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Cardiac Cycle
- The cardiac cycle includes: atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole.
- Heart sounds are produced by the closing of heart valves.
- The 'lubb' sound is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves.
- The 'dupp' sound is caused by closure of the semilunar valves.
Regulation of Heart Function
- Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction, roughly 70 milliliters per beat.
- Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute, approximately 72 beats per minute.
- Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute, roughly 5 liters/minute.
- Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume times heart rate.
Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart
- Intrinsic regulation refers to the heart's control of its own cardiac output.
- Venous return is the amount of blood returning to the heart.
- Preload is the degree of ventricular wall stretch at the end of diastole.
- Preload, venous return, and stroke volume are linked.
- Starling’s law of the heart explains the relationship between preload and stroke volume.
- Afterload is the pressure against which ventricles must pump blood.
Extrinsic Regulation of Heart
- Extrinsic regulation uses external mechanisms, like the nervous and chemical systems, to control heart function.
- The autonomic nervous system controls heart activity through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
- The baroreceptor reflex regulates heart function by monitoring blood pressure.
- The chemoreceptor reflex regulates heart function by sensing chemical changes in the blood.
Heart Disease
- Coronary artery disease occurs when blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased due to narrowed coronary arteries.
- Myocardial infarction or heart attack occurs when one or more coronary arteries close, causing cardiac muscle lacking blood supply to die and scar.
Heart Procedures
- Angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked blood vessels.
- Stents are inserted to keep vessels open.
- A bypass procedure reroutes blood away from blocked arteries.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of the cardiovascular system in this quiz, focusing on the heart's structure, functions, and circulation pathways. Understand how blood flows through the body and the important roles the heart plays in overall health.
