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Questions and Answers
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What occurs when the heart rate decreases in order to maintain cardiac output?
What occurs when the heart rate decreases in order to maintain cardiac output?
Which component is considered to influence blood pressure according to the formula?
Which component is considered to influence blood pressure according to the formula?
What do baroreceptors in the body primarily sense?
What do baroreceptors in the body primarily sense?
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What is referred to as hypoperfusion?
What is referred to as hypoperfusion?
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What is the average heart rate range for a healthy adult?
What is the average heart rate range for a healthy adult?
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What happens to blood pressure when the left ventricle contracts?
What happens to blood pressure when the left ventricle contracts?
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Peripheral vascular resistance is affected by what physical property of blood vessels?
Peripheral vascular resistance is affected by what physical property of blood vessels?
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During an emergency, the cardiovascular system and respiratory system work together to ensure what?
During an emergency, the cardiovascular system and respiratory system work together to ensure what?
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What term describes the challenges faced when perfusion becomes inadequate?
What term describes the challenges faced when perfusion becomes inadequate?
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What is the primary function of the left side of the heart?
What is the primary function of the left side of the heart?
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What happens in the alveoli of the lungs?
What happens in the alveoli of the lungs?
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How does blood travel back to the right atrium?
How does blood travel back to the right atrium?
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What type of pulse is described as being within core body regions?
What type of pulse is described as being within core body regions?
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What component of blood is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
What component of blood is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
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Which arteries are primarily responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle?
Which arteries are primarily responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle?
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What physiological process occurs when blood passes through capillaries?
What physiological process occurs when blood passes through capillaries?
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What is the role of the SA node in the heart?
What is the role of the SA node in the heart?
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Which structures are responsible for returning oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart?
Which structures are responsible for returning oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart?
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What is the normal range for an adult resting pulse rate?
What is the normal range for an adult resting pulse rate?
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The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
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The aorta carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the body.
The aorta carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the body.
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The coronary arteries supply blood to the lungs.
The coronary arteries supply blood to the lungs.
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Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the capillaries during internal respiration.
Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the capillaries during internal respiration.
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A pulse can be felt where an artery passes over a bone.
A pulse can be felt where an artery passes over a bone.
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The primary pacemaker of the heart is located in the left ventricle.
The primary pacemaker of the heart is located in the left ventricle.
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The normal pulse rate for a resting adult is typically between 80 and 140 beats per minute.
The normal pulse rate for a resting adult is typically between 80 and 140 beats per minute.
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White blood cells are primarily responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.
White blood cells are primarily responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.
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The left atrium receives blood directly from the lungs.
The left atrium receives blood directly from the lungs.
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The heart has a unique electrical conduction system that consists of the pulmonary veins and arteries.
The heart has a unique electrical conduction system that consists of the pulmonary veins and arteries.
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The average normal stroke volume is between 50 and 100 milliliters per contraction.
The average normal stroke volume is between 50 and 100 milliliters per contraction.
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Cardiac output is calculated using the formula heart rate minus stroke volume.
Cardiac output is calculated using the formula heart rate minus stroke volume.
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When the heart rate decreases, the body compensates by increasing peripheral vascular resistance.
When the heart rate decreases, the body compensates by increasing peripheral vascular resistance.
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Blood pressure is determined by multiplying cardiac output with peripheral vascular resistance.
Blood pressure is determined by multiplying cardiac output with peripheral vascular resistance.
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Hypoperfusion is characterized by an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients reaching the cells.
Hypoperfusion is characterized by an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients reaching the cells.
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The carotid arteries contain baroreceptors that help sense blood pressure changes.
The carotid arteries contain baroreceptors that help sense blood pressure changes.
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Systolic pressure refers to the lower reading of blood pressure.
Systolic pressure refers to the lower reading of blood pressure.
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The body can increase heart rate to compensate for decreasing stroke volume.
The body can increase heart rate to compensate for decreasing stroke volume.
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Shock is the term used when the body is adequately perfused.
Shock is the term used when the body is adequately perfused.
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The left ventricle contracts during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle.
The left ventricle contracts during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle.
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Overview
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart (pump), blood vessels (pipes), and blood (fluid).
- The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
- The right side (right atrium and right ventricle) acts as a low-pressure pump, pushing blood to the lungs.
- The left side (left atrium and left ventricle) is a high-pressure pump, circulating blood to the entire body.
Blood Flow Through the Heart
- Blood enters the right atrium, then the right ventricle.
- Blood passes through the tricuspid valve and then into the right ventricle.
- Blood then travels to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
- In the lungs, blood absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (external respiration).
- Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein, entering the left atrium.
- Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- From the left ventricle, blood exits the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta.
- The aorta distributes blood to the body's arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.
Blood Flow Through the Body
- Blood delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide throughout the body.
- Deoxygenated blood (blue) carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide and waste products.
- Oxygenated blood (red) carries high concentrations of oxygen.
- Blood flows through arteries, arterioles, and then capillaries where gas exchange (internal respiration) takes place.
- Oxygen and nutrients diffuse into cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
- Deoxygenated blood travels through venules, then larger veins, back to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava.
Coronary Circulation
- Coronary arteries and veins specifically supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
- This is separate from systemic circulation, which moves blood throughout the entire body.
Blood Composition
- Plasma (55%): The liquid portion of blood.
- Leukocytes (4%): White blood cells fighting infection.
- Thrombocytes (4%): Platelets involved in clotting.
- Erythrocytes (41%): Red blood cells, carrying hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
Blood Volume
- Newborns have approximately 300 ml of blood.
- Children (60 lbs) have 2-3 liters of blood.
- Adults (125 lbs) have approximately 4 liters.
- Maintaining adequate blood volume is crucial for survival.
Pulse Points
- Peripheral Pulses: Radial (thumb side of wrist), brachial (under the bicep), posterior tibial (medial ankle), dorsalis pedis (top of foot).
- Central Pulses: Carotid (neck), femoral (pelvis-thigh crease).
Pulse Rate
- Adult: Normal resting range is 60-100 bpm.
- Child: 70-130 bpm.
- Infant: 80-140 bpm.
- Pulse assessment considers rate, rhythm, and quality.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
- CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume.
- Average adult CO is approximately 4900 milliliters/minute (example using 70 bpm heart rate and 70 ml stroke volume).
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure (BP) measures the force of blood against vessel walls.
- Systolic: Higher pressure during ventricular contraction.
- Diastolic: Lower pressure during ventricular relaxation.
- Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) affects BP.
- BP = CO × PVR.
Hypoperfusion (Shock)
- Hypoperfusion (shock) occurs when oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues is inadequate.
- Body systems struggle to maintain homeostasis.
- Compensation mechanisms such as increased heart rate or stroke volume can occur.
General
- The heart's electrical conduction system regulates heart contractions.
- The SA node (sinoatrial node) is the primary pacemaker.
- The AV node (atrioventricular node) and Purkinje fibers also participate.
- Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.
- Aorta transports blood away from the heart.
- Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Blood flow through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
- Aorta is the main artery distributing blood.
- Pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs.
- Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood back to the heart.
- External respiration happens in the lungs (oxygen in, CO2 out).
- Internal respiration happens in the capillaries (oxygen into cells, CO2 out).
- Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch monitor pressure.
- Blood vessels constrict/dilate impacting peripheral vascular resistance (PVR).
- Blood pressure is regulated by cardiac output and PVR.
- Hypoperfusion = shock
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Description
This quiz explores the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the heart, blood vessels, and blood flow. It covers the journey of blood through the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. Test your knowledge about the chambers of the heart and the process of oxygenation.
