Cardiovascular System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the pressure called when the ventricles contract and push blood out of the heart?

  • Blood pressure
  • Ventricular pressure
  • Systolic pressure (correct)
  • Diastolic pressure

    • Which of the following factors can contribute to hypertension?

  • Age (correct)
  • Regular exercise
  • Non-smoker status
  • Diet rich in fruits

    • What sound is referred to as 'lub' in heart sounds?

  • Closure of atrioventricular valves (correct)
  • Contraction of the ventricles
  • Closure of semilunar valves
  • Closure of aortic valves

    • What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?

    <p>Sphygmomanometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results when blood pressure is consistently higher than normal levels?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates and distributes the electrical signals that coordinate the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Sinoatrial (SA) node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition involves the heart not pumping blood properly due to slow or fast heartbeat?

    <p>Arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure carries impulses to all myocardial cells in the ventricles for contraction?

    <p>AV bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an artificial pacemaker?

    <p>To set a normal heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a heart attack also known as?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to permanent damage to the heart?

    <p>Insufficient blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method for treating a heart attack?

    <p>Coronary artery bypass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially trigger a heart attack?

    <p>Blockage in coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the contraction of the bladder to excrete urine?

    <p>Stretching of the bladder walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for temporarily storing urine?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does urine travel from the kidneys to the bladder?

    <p>By the contraction of ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the central nervous system (CNS) play in the urinary system?

    <p>It relaxes the urethral sphincter muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the urethra in the urinary system?

    <p>To expel urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the bladder fills with urine?

    <p>The walls of the bladder stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of structures that urine passes through when exiting the body?

    <p>Kidney → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of ureters in the urinary system?

    <p>They transport urine from kidneys to bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the bladder to contract during urination?

    <p>Receptors activated in the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spinal cord in the urination process?

    <p>To send signals to bladder smooth muscles to contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the brain signals the urinary sphincter to relax?

    <p>Urine is expelled from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the lack of voluntary control over urination?

    <p>Urinary incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do females generally have a smaller bladder capacity than males?

    <p>Physical compression by the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding infants under 3 years old?

    <p>They do not have properly developed nervous connections for urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the desire to urinate?

    <p>Activation of the brain by signals from the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the urinary system is involved in voluntary control over urination?

    <p>Urinary sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does the urinary system serve?

    <p>Excretes water and solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the urinary system is responsible for urine storage?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary waste product found in urine that comes from protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the urinary system contribute to the regulation of blood pressure?

    <p>By regulating sodium ion retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urinary system component pushes urine towards the bladder?

    <p>Ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about urine composition is correct?

    <p>Urine is composed mostly of water and dissolved solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homeostasis refer to in the context of the urinary system?

    <p>The regulation of body fluid levels and composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

    <p>To produce urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the urethra in males from that in females?

    <p>It carries reproductive fluids in addition to urine in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates how much water and dissolved substances are retained by the body?

    <p>The urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the urinary system?

    <p>To excrete water and dissolved solutes as urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a temporary storage for urine?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these structures is correctly paired with its function?

    <p>Ureter: urine transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which order does urine travel from its point of formation to the exit?

    <p>Kidney; ureter; bladder; urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the kidneys?

    <p>Transporting urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the urethra is accurate?

    <p>It transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause temporary urinary incontinence during pregnancy?

    <p>Pressure from an expanding uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the function of the urinary system correctly?

    <p>It maintains fluid homeostasis in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Lecture Notes

    • Veins carry blood to the heart, but they have a wider diameter and low pressure, requiring assistance from skeletal and respiratory pumps.
    • The heart is a muscular pump that supplies blood across the body. It has 4 chambers connected to various blood vessels with valves that regulate blood flow.
    • The heart pumps blood through two simultaneous circuits: the systemic and pulmonary circuits.
    • Blood flows through the heart twice—deoxygenated through the right side and oxygenated through the left side.

    Lecture Outcomes (Cardiovascular System)

    • Learn about the cardiac cycle.
    • Understand how the cardiac conduction system coordinates contraction.
    • Link learned concepts to disease.

    Cardiac Cycle

    • Atrial Systole:
      • Atria contract, sending blood to the ventricles.
      • Blood flows from the pulmonary artery and aorta.
    • Ventricular Systole:
      • Ventricles contract, pushing blood to the pulmonary artery and aorta.
      • AV valves close, semilunar valves open.
    • Diastole:
      • The entire heart relaxes.
      • Blood passively flows into the heart.
      • AV valves open, semilunar valves close.

    Cardiac Cycle (3 Steps)

    • Atrial Systole: Both atria contract, opening AV valves, blood fills ventricles. Semilunar valves are closed.
    • Ventricular Systole: Both ventricles contract, closing AV valves, opening semilunar valves, blood pushed into pulmonary artery and aorta.
    • Diastole: Atria and ventricles relax, ventricle pressure falls-> semilunar valves close, AV valves open, passive inflow of blood.

    Blood Flow

    • Blood enters arteries during systole, expanding artery walls.
    • Blood leaves through the arteries into capillaries, and passively recoils.
    • This pulse can be felt in the wrist.
    • Blood pressure is the force blood exerts on vessel walls, measured by a sphygmomanometer.
    • Normal blood pressure is 90-120 systolic and 60-80 diastolic.
    • Hypertension (high blood pressure) puts pressure on the cardiovascular system.
    • Factors associated with hypertension are age, smoking, and lifestyle.

    Heart Sounds

    • "Lub": Sound of the two atrioventricular valves closing (ventricular systole).
    • "Dub": Sound of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves closing (ventricular diastole).
    • "Lub Dub" represents a complete cardiac cycle.

    Cardiac Conduction System

    • Coordinates the cardiac cycle.
    • Initiated and distributed by specialized cardiac muscle cells (pacemaker cells)
    • Sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker. It spontaneously and rhythmically initiates electrical signals for atrial contraction.
    • Signals travel to both atria via conducting muscle fibers.
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node delays signal for adequate atrial emptying prior to ventricular contraction.
    • AV bundle carries the signals to the ventricles.
    • Purkinje fibres carry the impulse to the myocardial cells, enabling ventricular contraction.
    • Heartbeat problems (arrhythmias) can be caused by issues with the transmission of electrical impulses.
    • Congenital heart defects and heart failure can lead to an abnormal heartbeat.
    • An artificial pacemaker sets a regular heartbeat for effectively pumping blood.
    • A heart attack occurs when a region of the heart is starved of oxygen due to inadequate blood flow.
    • Symptoms of a heart attack include chest tightness /pressure, pain down the left arm, and difficulty breathing.
    • Heart attacks cause permanent damage to the heart tissue.
    • Treatments include reopening blocked blood vessels, using clot-busting drugs, and heart transplants.

    Video Review

    • Refer to video on D2L for further information.

    Question Break 1 (Matching)

    • Match the following terms relating to heart function.

    Question Break 2 (Matching)

    • Match the following urinary system structures with their corresponding functions. (e.g Kidney: urine formation)

    Urinary System Lecture Notes

    • Function: The primary function of the urinary system is to excrete waste products and maintain fluid homeostasis.
    • Components:
      • Kidneys: Produce urine.
      • Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
      • Bladder: Stores urine temporarily.
      • Urethra: Transports urine out of the body.
    • Flow: Urine is produced in the kidneys, travels down the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. The bladder then excretes urine out of the body through the urethra.
    • Fluid Homeostasis: The urinary system regulates blood composition, volume, and pressure.

    Urinary Incontinence

    • Conscious control over urination is maintained by the brain's control of the urinary sphincter.
    • Lack of voluntary control over urination is called urinary incontinence.
    • Urinary incontinence is common in infants because of undeveloped nervous connections.
    • Pregnancy can also cause temporary urinary incontinence due to the expanding uterus putting pressure on the sphincter.

    Practice Questions

    • Answers to practice questions about cardiac and urinary system functions.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate details of the cardiovascular system, including the functioning of the heart, blood flow dynamics, and the cardiac cycle. This quiz will test your understanding of how the heart operates and its essential role in circulatory health. Get ready to connect physiology with real-world conditions!

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