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Questions and Answers
What percentage of total blood volume is typically represented by plasma?
What percentage of total blood volume is typically represented by plasma?
What condition is characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What condition is characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What is the primary function of the skeletal muscle pump?
What is the primary function of the skeletal muscle pump?
What typically happens if a person stands still for too long?
What typically happens if a person stands still for too long?
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Which factor does NOT affect plasma volume?
Which factor does NOT affect plasma volume?
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What is the role of valves in the venous system?
What is the role of valves in the venous system?
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What defines mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What defines mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
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In what scenario is blood pressure considered too high for an assessment?
In what scenario is blood pressure considered too high for an assessment?
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What is the primary factor that increases myocardial blood flow during exercise?
What is the primary factor that increases myocardial blood flow during exercise?
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Which type of blood vessel is characterized by a thick outer wall and small lumen?
Which type of blood vessel is characterized by a thick outer wall and small lumen?
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During rest, the heart primarily relies on which type of metabolism for energy?
During rest, the heart primarily relies on which type of metabolism for energy?
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What triggers tissue hypoxia in the myocardium?
What triggers tissue hypoxia in the myocardium?
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What role do arterioles play in the circulatory system?
What role do arterioles play in the circulatory system?
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What is the relationship between myocardial O2 extraction and exercise intensity?
What is the relationship between myocardial O2 extraction and exercise intensity?
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What does the fibroelastic composition of arteries indicate about their structure?
What does the fibroelastic composition of arteries indicate about their structure?
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What is the primary gas exchange function of capillaries?
What is the primary gas exchange function of capillaries?
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What contributes to the difficulty in regulating pH during strenuous activity?
What contributes to the difficulty in regulating pH during strenuous activity?
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What happens to ventilation as exercise intensity increases beyond a certain point?
What happens to ventilation as exercise intensity increases beyond a certain point?
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How does the cardiovascular system primarily maintain blood pressure?
How does the cardiovascular system primarily maintain blood pressure?
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What is the purpose of bicarbonate in the cardiovascular system during strenuous activity?
What is the purpose of bicarbonate in the cardiovascular system during strenuous activity?
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Which of the following equations describes cardiac output?
Which of the following equations describes cardiac output?
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In which order does blood travel through the heart starting from the superior vena cava?
In which order does blood travel through the heart starting from the superior vena cava?
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What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for the distribution of 5 total liters of blood at rest?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for the distribution of 5 total liters of blood at rest?
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What is the average resting heart rate range for a healthy adult?
What is the average resting heart rate range for a healthy adult?
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Which chamber of the heart is primarily responsible for pumping blood out to the body?
Which chamber of the heart is primarily responsible for pumping blood out to the body?
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What occurs during the ventricular systole phase of the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during the ventricular systole phase of the cardiac cycle?
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Which structure prevents blood from flowing back into the heart between contractions?
Which structure prevents blood from flowing back into the heart between contractions?
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The conduction pathway of the heart begins with which component?
The conduction pathway of the heart begins with which component?
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What is the primary function of coronary circulation?
What is the primary function of coronary circulation?
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What is the normal blood flow to the myocardium at rest?
What is the normal blood flow to the myocardium at rest?
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Which part of the heart's structure collects blood returning from the systemic circulation?
Which part of the heart's structure collects blood returning from the systemic circulation?
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What physiological change occurs to meet the increased O2 demand during exercise?
What physiological change occurs to meet the increased O2 demand during exercise?
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Which mechanism is responsible for directing blood flow to areas of high demand during exercise?
Which mechanism is responsible for directing blood flow to areas of high demand during exercise?
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What happens to blood flow to the skin during maximum intensity exercise?
What happens to blood flow to the skin during maximum intensity exercise?
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What is cardiovascular drift primarily associated with?
What is cardiovascular drift primarily associated with?
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Which of the following adaptations is associated with endurance training?
Which of the following adaptations is associated with endurance training?
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What effect do isometric contractions have on blood pressure during resistance exercise?
What effect do isometric contractions have on blood pressure during resistance exercise?
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What is one potential reason for the increase in heart rate during sub-maximal exercise over time?
What is one potential reason for the increase in heart rate during sub-maximal exercise over time?
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In which type of training is concentric LV hypertrophy primarily observed?
In which type of training is concentric LV hypertrophy primarily observed?
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What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
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Which component of the electrical activity of the heart represents ventricular depolarization?
Which component of the electrical activity of the heart represents ventricular depolarization?
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During physical exercise, which of the following occurs in the heart's autonomic regulation?
During physical exercise, which of the following occurs in the heart's autonomic regulation?
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What role does the sodium-potassium pump play at the resting membrane potential of cardiac cells?
What role does the sodium-potassium pump play at the resting membrane potential of cardiac cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercise training?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercise training?
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What happens to the heart rate if the SA node fails?
What happens to the heart rate if the SA node fails?
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Which of the following segments represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization?
Which of the following segments represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization?
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How does anticipatory response to exercise affect the heart rate?
How does anticipatory response to exercise affect the heart rate?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
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Regulation of pH during strenuous activity becomes challenging due to increased CO2 production and lactate formation, resulting in decreased blood pH.
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Ventilatory Threshold: At initial exercise intensities, ventilation increases linearly with O2 consumption (Ve=Vo2). However, at higher intensities, ventilation increases faster than O2 consumption (ventilatory threshold). Lactate threshold occurs when lactate accumulates faster than the body can remove it, approximating the ventilatory threshold.
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Acid buffering occurs from aerobic glycolysis due to the need to breathe more, to help maintain a stable internal environment by buffering the acid produced.
Purpose of the Cardiovascular System
- Transports blood and nutrients throughout the body.
- Generates pressure for gradients required for efficient transport.
- Maintains blood pressure using negative feedback loops and adjustments to vasoconstriction and vasodilation, as well as altering cardiac output.
Important Equations
- Cardiac output (CO) = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)
- Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = CO x Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Systemic Circulation
- Blood flow through major organs and tissues (skeletal muscle, skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, brain).
- Blood distribution differs at rest compared to during exercise.
Structure of the Heart
- The heart, weighing 9-11 oz, has four chambers (atria and ventricles).
- Atria are receiving chambers, and ventricles are pumping chambers.
- Valves (atrioventricular and semilunar valves) prevent backflow of blood.
- Blood flows through the heart in a specific order (superior and inferior vena cava >> right atrium >> right ventricle >> pulmonary artery >> lungs >> pulmonary veins >> left atrium >> left ventricle >> aorta).
- The heart has its own circulatory system (coronary circulation), receiving blood from the aorta.
Cardiovascular System Pt2
- Cardiac Muscle: Single nucleus per fiber, branches between fibers and intercalated discs.
- Systole/Diastole: Atrial systole (atria contract) ventricle diastole (ventricles relaxed). Atrial diastole, ventricle systole (atria relax, ventricles contract).
Electrical Conduction Pathway
- The heart's electrical conduction system begins with the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat. SA node is in right atrium. Impulses begin in the SA node and spread through atria to the AV node. AV node conducts impulses to the Bundle of His. The signal then goes to the Bundle of branches and then the Purkinje fibers.
Coronary Circulation
- Coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients.
- Blood flow to heart increases with exercise to meet the increased needs of myocardial metabolism.
- Coronary blood flow is primarily regulated by oxygen demand.
- Myocardial O2 extraction is much higher at rest than during strenuous exercise.
Blood Flow and Pressure
- Arteries: Thick walls, small lumen, made of elastic fibers that help maintain pressure.
- Veins: Thin walls, large lumen, less muscle/elastic fiber, contain valves to prevent backflow.
- Capillaries: Single cell wall, large surface area for exchange of substances, allow for one erythrocyte at a time.
- High pressure blood transfer in the arterial system compared with the venous system (less pressure in venous system).
Blood Flow and Pressure Regulations
- Skeletal muscle pump and venous valves are important for returning blood to the heart.
- Gravity plays a role, so standing too long can decrease venous return.
- Body temperature and hydration also impact blood volume and pressure.
Blood Pressure
- Mean arterial pressure (MAP): refers to an average pressure in the arterial system over time, related to cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.
Components of Blood
- Hematocrit: Percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
- Anemia: Condition characterized by low RBC count.
- Polycythemia: Condition characterized by high RBC count.
Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Cardiovascular Drift: A gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise, potentially due to a decrease in plasma volume.
- Acute and Chronic Adaptations: The heart and blood vessels change due to exercise. The body adapts to regulate blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate, which leads to more efficient delivery of O2 to working muscles.
- Increased blood flow is associated with vasoconstriction of areas that are not essential at higher-intensity exercise. Increased blood flow is associated with vasodilation in areas that need more O2, such as skeletal muscles.
- Physiological Concepts related to Exercise: Capillaries, Homeostasis, Blood flow, and Acetylcholine/Catecholamines.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential functions and regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system, focusing on pH regulation, ventilatory and lactate thresholds during exercise. Understand how the body maintains homeostasis through blood transport and pressure regulation. Test your knowledge on how the cardiovascular system adapts to strenuous activity.
