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Questions and Answers
The bicuspid or mitral valve is located between which two chambers of the heart?
The bicuspid or mitral valve is located between which two chambers of the heart?
the left atrium and the left ventricle
Which two heart chambers pump oxygenated blood?
Which two heart chambers pump oxygenated blood?
the left atrium and the left ventricle
The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the interventricular septum is the:
The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the interventricular septum is the:
bundle of His and its branches
An electrocardiogram is a graphic illustration of the:
An electrocardiogram is a graphic illustration of the:
A heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, is one sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers. The contraction phase is called _____ and the relaxation phase is called _____.
A heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, is one sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers. The contraction phase is called _____ and the relaxation phase is called _____.
Which two great vessels bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
Which two great vessels bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
What do atrioventricular valves prevent?
What do atrioventricular valves prevent?
What does the pulmonary trunk do?
What does the pulmonary trunk do?
What do semilunar valves prevent?
What do semilunar valves prevent?
What does the interatrial septum do?
What does the interatrial septum do?
During relaxation of the left atrium, blood enters this chamber through the:
During relaxation of the left atrium, blood enters this chamber through the:
An average heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, lasts approximately:
An average heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, lasts approximately:
During Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?
During Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?
What component of the heart acts as the pacemaker?
What component of the heart acts as the pacemaker?
What does the P wave of the ECG represent?
What does the P wave of the ECG represent?
During Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?
During Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?
During Phase 3 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?
During Phase 3 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?
Once action potentials are generated by the heart's intrinsic conduction system, they are conducted from myocardial cell to myocardial cell via _________________ located in the _____________.
Once action potentials are generated by the heart's intrinsic conduction system, they are conducted from myocardial cell to myocardial cell via _________________ located in the _____________.
What is the process that removes unneeded blood clot when healing has occurred?
What is the process that removes unneeded blood clot when healing has occurred?
What blood disease involves hemoglobin becoming spiky and sharp due to a change in one of the amino acids?
What blood disease involves hemoglobin becoming spiky and sharp due to a change in one of the amino acids?
All of the following are types of anemia except:
All of the following are types of anemia except:
What type of lymphocyte functions in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells?
What type of lymphocyte functions in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells?
What type of lymphocyte gives rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies?
What type of lymphocyte gives rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies?
What function do macrophages not perform?
What function do macrophages not perform?
What is leukopoiesis?
What is leukopoiesis?
What is leukopenia?
What is leukopenia?
What are leukemias?
What are leukemias?
What is a leukocyte?
What is a leukocyte?
Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Bicuspid (mitral) valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
- Left atrium and left ventricle are responsible for pumping oxygenated blood.
- The superior and inferior venae cavae return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
- Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria, while semilunar valves stop backflow into the ventricles.
Intrinsic Conduction System
- Bundle of His and its branches are found in the interventricular septum.
- The SA node is the heart's pacemaker with the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization.
- Gap junctions located in intercalated discs allow action potentials to spread between myocardial cells.
Cardiac Cycle
- A heartbeat or cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.80 seconds and involves a sequence of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
- Phase 1: Atria contract (systole), ventricles relax (diastole), AV valves open, and semilunar valves closed.
- Phase 2: Atria relax (diastole), ventricles contract (systole), AV valves closed, semilunar valves open, blood moves from ventricles into pulmonary trunk and aorta.
- Phase 3: Both atria and ventricles are relaxed (diastole), AV valves open, blood enters right atrium via venae cavae and left atrium through pulmonary veins.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- An electrocardiogram illustrates the cardiac conduction system.
- The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
Blood and Immune Functions
- Fibrinolysis removes unneeded blood clots, preventing blood vessel blockage.
- Sickle-Cell Anemia results from a single amino acid change in hemoglobin, causing misshaped cells that block blood flow.
- Types of anemia include various forms except reticulo.
- T cells act directly against virus-infected and tumor cells, while B cells produce antibodies from plasma cells.
White Blood Cell Production
- Leukopoiesis is the production of white blood cells (WBCs) influenced by chemical messengers.
- Leukopenia denotes an abnormally low WBC count, often caused by drugs.
- Leukemias are a group of cancers affecting WBCs.
- Macrophages do not provide an accurate index of red blood cell (RBC) production.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Prepare for your midterm exam with these flashcards focused on the cardiovascular system. Each card covers essential concepts related to heart chambers and the conduction system. Perfect for consolidating your knowledge before the big test!
