Cardiovascular System Midterm Review

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Questions and Answers

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located between which two chambers of the heart?

the left atrium and the left ventricle

Which two heart chambers pump oxygenated blood?

the left atrium and the left ventricle

The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the interventricular septum is the:

bundle of His and its branches

An electrocardiogram is a graphic illustration of the:

cardiac conduction system Signup and view all the answers

A heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, is one sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers. The contraction phase is called _ and the relaxation phase is called _.

systole; diastole Signup and view all the answers

Which two great vessels bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

the superior and inferior venae cavae Signup and view all the answers

What do atrioventricular valves prevent?

backflow of blood into the atria Signup and view all the answers

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What do semilunar valves prevent?

backflow of blood into the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What does the interatrial septum do?

separates the right and left atria Signup and view all the answers

During relaxation of the left atrium, blood enters this chamber through the:

pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

An average heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, lasts approximately:

0.80 seconds Signup and view all the answers

During Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?

the atria relax (diastole) while the ventricles contract (systole) Signup and view all the answers

What component of the heart acts as the pacemaker?

SA node Signup and view all the answers

What does the P wave of the ECG represent?

atrial depolarization Signup and view all the answers

During Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?

atria contract (systole) while the ventricles relax (diastole) Signup and view all the answers

During Phase 3 of the cardiac cycle, which events are occurring?

atria and ventricles are relaxed (diastole); AV valves are open while the semilunar valves are closed Signup and view all the answers

Once action potentials are generated by the heart's intrinsic conduction system, they are conducted from myocardial cell to myocardial cell via _____ located in the _.

gap junctions; intercalated discs Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that removes unneeded blood clot when healing has occurred?

fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What blood disease involves hemoglobin becoming spiky and sharp due to a change in one of the amino acids?

sickle-cell anemia Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are types of anemia except:

Reticulo Signup and view all the answers

What type of lymphocyte functions in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of lymphocyte gives rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

What function do macrophages not perform?

Provide a rough index of the rate at which RBCs are produced Signup and view all the answers

What is leukopoiesis?

The production of WBCs stimulated by chemical messengers Signup and view all the answers

What is leukopenia?

An abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs Signup and view all the answers

What are leukemias?

A group of cancerous conditions involving WBCs Signup and view all the answers

What is a leukocyte?

WBCs that protect the body from damage by bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Anatomy and Function

Bicuspid (mitral) valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Left atrium and left ventricle are responsible for pumping oxygenated blood.
The superior and inferior venae cavae return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria, while semilunar valves stop backflow into the ventricles.

Intrinsic Conduction System

Bundle of His and its branches are found in the interventricular septum.
The SA node is the heart's pacemaker with the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization.
Gap junctions located in intercalated discs allow action potentials to spread between myocardial cells.

Cardiac Cycle

A heartbeat or cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.80 seconds and involves a sequence of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
Phase 1: Atria contract (systole), ventricles relax (diastole), AV valves open, and semilunar valves closed.
Phase 2: Atria relax (diastole), ventricles contract (systole), AV valves closed, semilunar valves open, blood moves from ventricles into pulmonary trunk and aorta.
Phase 3: Both atria and ventricles are relaxed (diastole), AV valves open, blood enters right atrium via venae cavae and left atrium through pulmonary veins.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

An electrocardiogram illustrates the cardiac conduction system.
The P wave represents atrial depolarization.

Blood and Immune Functions

Fibrinolysis removes unneeded blood clots, preventing blood vessel blockage.
Sickle-Cell Anemia results from a single amino acid change in hemoglobin, causing misshaped cells that block blood flow.
Types of anemia include various forms except reticulo.
T cells act directly against virus-infected and tumor cells, while B cells produce antibodies from plasma cells.

White Blood Cell Production

Leukopoiesis is the production of white blood cells (WBCs) influenced by chemical messengers.
Leukopenia denotes an abnormally low WBC count, often caused by drugs.
Leukemias are a group of cancers affecting WBCs.
Macrophages do not provide an accurate index of red blood cell (RBC) production.

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Description

Prepare for your midterm exam with these flashcards focused on the cardiovascular system. Each card covers essential concepts related to heart chambers and the conduction system. Perfect for consolidating your knowledge before the big test!