60 Questions
The human circulatory system consists of two circuits: The pulmonary circuit and the ______ circuit
systemic
Blood from all over the body converges in the right atrium from the superior and inferior ______
venae cavae
The blood contains differing levels of oxygen, and so it is known as 'mixed venous ______'
blood
The volume of blood that gets pumped from the right ventricle must be the same amount that gets pumped from the left ______
ventricle
Blood's path between the pulmonary and systemic circuits occurs ______
in series
An artery is a blood vessel that always carries blood ______ from the heart.
away
A vein is a blood vessel that carries blood ______ the heart.
to
An atrium is a chamber of the heart that ______ blood.
receives
A ventricle is a chamber of the heart that ______ blood.
expels
The heart is covered and lined with ______ tissue.
epithelial
Blood vessels are composed of three layers, including the ______ inner lining.
endothelium
Capillaries only have two thin layers: ______ and the basement membrane connective tissue.
endothelium
The arterioles, capillaries, and venules together are collectively called ______.
microcirculation
In the systemic circuit, arteries carry ______ blood to the tissues.
oxygen-rich
In the pulmonary circuit, veins carry ______ blood back to the heart.
oxygen-rich
The ______ circuit, in which oxygen-poor blood flows to the lungs and then oxygen-rich blood flows back to the heart.
pulmonary
The ______ circuit, in which oxygen-rich blood flows to the capillary beds all over the body (except the lungs) and then oxygen-poor blood flows back to the heart.
systemic
In ______ blood flow, the blood flow happens one after the other, in series.
series
Blood moves through the cardiovascular system in two ways: In series blood flow, and in ______.
parallel
Blood must be pumped to the ______ before it goes to the rest of the body because it must become oxygenated.
lungs
The human circulatory system consists of two circuits: The pulmonary circuit and the ______ circuit
systemic
The blood contains differing levels of oxygen, and so it is known as 'mixed venous ______'
blood
Blood moves through the cardiovascular system in two ways: In series blood flow, and in ______
linear
Blood's path between the pulmonary and systemic circuits occurs ______
in series
The volume of blood that gets pumped from the right ventricle must be the same amount that gets pumped from the left ______
ventricle
The ______ inner lining is one of the three layers that compose blood vessels.
endothelium
Capillaries lack ______ muscle.
smooth
The arterioles, capillaries, and venules together are collectively called ______.
microcirculation
Blood is better described as either ______-rich or ______-poor rather than oxygenated or deoxygenated.
oxygen
The ______ membrane connective tissue is one of the two thin layers that capillaries have.
basement
The P-wave represents the atrial depolarization that happens before ______.
contraction
The QRS complex represents ventricular ______.
depolarization
The T-wave is the period of time when the ventricles ______.
repolarize
The R-wave is so much larger than the other waves because the ventricle walls are very thick and the cells all ______ together.
depolarize
Atrial repolarization also occurs here, but it's dwarfed by the force of ventricular ______.
depolarization
An ______ is a blood vessel that always carries blood away from the heart.
artery
A ______ is a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.
vein
An ______ is a chamber of the heart that receives blood.
atrium
A ______ is a chamber of the heart that expels blood.
ventricle
The heart is covered and lined with ______ tissue.
epithelial
The cardiovascular system includes: the heart, the ______, and the blood vessels.
blood
The heart is the ______ that moves the blood through the blood vessels.
pump
The blood vessels serve as the tubular ______ system for blood transport in the body.
conduit
The cardiovascular system is an organ system because it consists of multiple ______ working together for a common purpose.
organs
The cardiovascular system is a ______ system, meaning that it is completely internal and not open to the external environment.
closed
The ______ valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
bicuspid
Blood returns to the heart from the body through the ______ and inferior venae cavae.
superior
The ______ layer is the inner lining of blood vessels.
endothelial
Arteries carry ______ blood away from the heart.
oxygenated
The ______ circuit carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
pulmonary
The bottom of the heart is fused to the diaphragm by parts of the ______, which is a serous membrane.
pericardium
Students are taught to pledge allegiance to the flag by putting their hand over their ______.
heart
The heart has four chambers, divided into ______ and ventricles.
atria
The walls of the ______ are significantly thicker than the walls of the atria.
ventricles
Blood must be pumped to the ______ before it goes to the rest of the body because it must become oxygenated.
lungs
Blood from all over the body converges in the right atrium from the superior and inferior ______.
vena cavae
The ______ inner lining is one of the three layers that compose blood vessels.
endothelial
In the pulmonary circuit, veins carry ______ blood back to the heart.
oxygen-poor
Blood vessels are composed of three layers, including the endothelial ______ lining.
inner
Blood is better described as either ______-rich or ______-poor rather than oxygenated or deoxygenated.
oxygen
Study Notes
The Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- It is a closed system, meaning it is completely internal and not open to the external environment.
- Its primary purpose is to control the process of delivery and removal of molecules to and from the body to meet its demands.
The Heart
- The heart is a pump composed of cardiac muscle that moves blood through the blood vessels.
- It has both sensory and endocrine functions for the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume.
- The heart is "basically an upside-down, backward-leaning cone" and is covered and lined with epithelial tissue.
- The apex (pointed top) of the heart points down and to the left.
- The heart has four chambers, divided into atria and ventricles.
- The atria receive blood from the vessels, and the ventricles pump blood from the heart.
- The walls of the ventricles are significantly thicker than the walls of the atria.
Blood Vessels
- Blood vessels are hollow organs composed of three layers: the endothelium inner lining, the thick smooth muscle wall, and the connective tissue which covers them and anchors them in place.
- Capillaries only have two thin layers: endothelium (simple, squamous epithelium) and the basement membrane connective tissue.
- They lack smooth muscle.
- Blood flows from an artery to an arteriole, then through a network of capillaries to a venule, and then back to the veins.
Blood Flow
- The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.
- The pulmonary circuit is where oxygen-poor blood flows to the lungs and then oxygen-rich blood flows back to the heart.
- The systemic circuit is where oxygen-rich blood flows to the capillary beds all over the body (except the lungs) and then oxygen-poor blood flows back to the heart.
- Blood moves through the cardiovascular system in two ways: in series blood flow, where the blood flow happens one after the other, and parallel blood flow.
- Blood's path between the pulmonary and systemic circuits occurs in series.
Blood Composition
- Blood is either oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor, not oxygenated or deoxygenated.
- The term "deoxygenated" suggests that the blood is completely devoid of oxygen.
- Blood from all over the body converges in the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae, and is known as "mixed venous blood".
Circulatory Pathways
- Oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle, then to the aorta, and then to the systemic circuit.
- Deoxygenated blood flows from the systemic circuit back to the heart through the superior and inferior venae cavae, then to the right atrium, and then to the right ventricle, and then to the pulmonary circuit.
ECG
- The ECG output can be divided into three basic parts: the P-wave, the QRS complex, and the T-wave.
- The P-wave represents the atrial depolarization that happens before contraction.
- The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.
- The T-wave is the period of time when the ventricles repolarize.
Test your knowledge about the functions of the cardiovascular system, including the circulation of blood for nutrient and gas exchange. Learn about the simple functions of each component, such as the heart's role as a pump.
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