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Questions and Answers
In which region did cardiovascular disease appear to develop in women at older ages than men?
In which region did cardiovascular disease appear to develop in women at older ages than men?
What was the age-standardized 10-year all-cause mortality for men in Australia?
What was the age-standardized 10-year all-cause mortality for men in Australia?
What factor showed consistent association across all ages for cardiovascular disease and death from any cause?
What factor showed consistent association across all ages for cardiovascular disease and death from any cause?
What was used as the time scale in the analysis of continuous risk factors?
What was used as the time scale in the analysis of continuous risk factors?
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What type of events were used as the competing event in calculating subdistribution hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease?
What type of events were used as the competing event in calculating subdistribution hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease?
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In the study, did cardiovascular disease appear to develop at younger ages in women compared to men?
In the study, did cardiovascular disease appear to develop at younger ages in women compared to men?
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Were all-cause mortality rates higher in men or women?
Were all-cause mortality rates higher in men or women?
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How were associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease examined in the study?
How were associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease examined in the study?
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What was the consistency of the association with body mass index across different ages?
What was the consistency of the association with body mass index across different ages?
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In the study, did the strength of associations with systolic blood pressure, current smoking, and diabetes increase with age?
In the study, did the strength of associations with systolic blood pressure, current smoking, and diabetes increase with age?
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In which region did men have the lowest 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease?
In which region did men have the lowest 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease?
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What type of hazard ratios were provided for continuous risk factors in the study?
What type of hazard ratios were provided for continuous risk factors in the study?
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Which region had the shortest follow-up, making 10-year incidence estimates not possible?
Which region had the shortest follow-up, making 10-year incidence estimates not possible?
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What was the time scale used in the analysis of continuous risk factors?
What was the time scale used in the analysis of continuous risk factors?
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What was the association consistency across different ages for body mass index and cardiovascular disease?
What was the association consistency across different ages for body mass index and cardiovascular disease?
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Study Notes
Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium Study Findings
- Study used Poisson regression with log-transformed follow-up time as an offset to estimate events per 1000 person-years.
- Direct standardization by age distribution in the Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium data set was used to compute 10-year incidence of events and events per 1000 person-years per geographic region.
- The 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease varied by region and gender, with higher rates in men than in women.
- Cardiovascular disease appeared to develop in women at older ages than in men.
- All-cause mortality rates also varied by region and gender, with higher rates in men compared to women.
- Subdistribution hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease were calculated with death from noncardiovascular causes as the competing event.
- Associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease and death from any cause were examined using continuous risk factors and nonlinear effects.
- Unadjusted risk factor–associated hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease and death from any cause were provided.
- The association with body mass index appeared consistent across all ages, while the strength of associations with systolic blood pressure, current smoking, and diabetes decreased with age.
- The study conducted sensitivity analyses, including landmark analyses and models with an alternative definition of cardiovascular disease.
- Widths of the 95% confidence intervals were not adjusted for multiplicity and should not be used in place of hypothesis testing.
- Certain regions and time frames had limitations in estimating 10-year incidence of events due to the short follow-up period or low number of recorded events.
Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality by Region and Sex
- The study estimated the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality by region and sex
- The 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease was highest in men in North America and lowest in men in Asia
- Women tended to develop cardiovascular disease at older ages compared to men
- All-cause mortality was highest in men in sub-Saharan Africa and lowest in men in Australia
- The study used direct standardization by age distribution for incidence calculations
- The follow-up in Latin America was shorter than 10 years, so 10-year incidence estimates were not possible
- The 10-year incidence of events and events per 1000 person-years were not estimated due to low event numbers in some regions
- Subdistribution hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease were calculated with noncardiovascular death as the competing event
- The study analyzed associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease and death from any cause
- The association with body mass index was consistent across all ages, while the strength of associations with systolic blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes decreased with age
- Hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease and death from any cause were provided for continuous risk factors
- The study conducted sensitivity analyses and provided unadjusted risk factor–associated hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease and death from any cause
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Description
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and outcome definitions with this quiz. Explore the impact of body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, non-HDL cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes on cardiovascular disease and overall mortality.
