Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Nursing Care
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of impaired tissue perfusion?

  • Irreversible cell proliferation
  • Increased blood flow to all tissues
  • Enhanced cellular oxygen exchange
  • Necrosis of the target tissue (correct)

    • Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for impaired perfusion?

  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Age (correct)
  • Hypertension

    • What modifiable risk factor is closely associated with hypertension?

  • Sex
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (correct)

    • Which population has the highest prevalence of hypertension according to the content?

    <p>Blacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of increased blood pressure?

    <p>Increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with hypertension among minorities but not among others?

    <p>Born outside United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypertension affect the risk of renal disease?

    <p>It increases the risk of renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of hypertension is noted among Black populations in the content?

    <p>More nocturnal nondipping of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle modification is NOT recommended for managing hypertension?

    <p>Increased Sodium Intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal for systolic blood pressure in individuals over age 65 with a SBP of over 130 mmHg living in a care facility?

    <p>Management based on patient/team decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a known cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Sleep Apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary approach is recommended for patients with hypertension?

    <p>Dash Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor contributes to an increased risk of coronary artery disease?

    <p>Being male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of hypertension?

    <p>Primary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender demonstrates a higher prevalence of hypertension before middle age?

    <p>Men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of factors is included in metabolic syndrome related to hypertension?

    <p>Insulin resistance, hypertension, high fasting blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probable connection between oral contraceptives and hypertension in women?

    <p>They can increase the risk 2-3 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is MOST likely to lead to hypertension?

    <p>Oral contraceptives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key recommendation for physical activity in individuals managing hypertension?

    <p>Engage in moderate exercise for at least 150 minutes per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to primary hypertension?

    <p>Increased sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cardiac output (CO) play in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>It influences the force exerted against vessel walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population group is less likely to receive treatment for hypertension?

    <p>Hispanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor may indicate an early sign of potential hypertension in pregnant women?

    <p>Preeclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential components determine blood pressure?

    <p>Cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologic states are identified as contributing modifiable risk factors?

    <p>Chronic stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased homocysteine level affect cardiovascular health?

    <p>It enhances clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance use is specifically mentioned as causing coronary artery spasm?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor in assessing high-risk individuals for cardiovascular conditions?

    <p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended strategy for managing high-risk persons?

    <p>Control modifiable risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included when assessing psychosocial history?

    <p>Physical activity level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to contribute to increased SNS stimulation?

    <p>Social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is emphasized for health promotion in high-risk individuals?

    <p>Encouraging lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic symptom of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

    <p>Intermittent claudication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the nature of pain experienced during intermittent claudication?

    <p>Ischemic muscle pain resolving within 10 minutes with rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensation might a patient with nerve tissue ischemia experience in their toes or feet?

    <p>Paresthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin changes may indicate reduced blood flow to the limbs?

    <p>Thin, shiny, and taut skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which position does pallor of the foot typically occur in patients with PAD?

    <p>With leg elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications can arise from prolonged ischemia?

    <p>Tissue necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pain at rest typically characterized in patients with advanced PAD?

    <p>It frequently occurs in the feet or toes, especially at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does neuropathy have on a patient with PAD?

    <p>It leads to loss of pressure and deep pain sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Conditions

    • Modifiable risk factors include psychological states such as Type A personality, stress, depression, anxiety, hostility, and anger.
    • Increased catecholamines due to stress can lead to endothelial injury, elevated heart rate, and heightened myocardial contraction, increasing oxygen demand.
    • Elevated homocysteine levels, caused by the breakdown of methionine, damage endothelium and promote plaque buildup.
    • Substance use, particularly cocaine and methamphetamine, can induce coronary artery spasm, resulting in chest pain and myocardial infarction (MI).

    Interprofessional and Nursing Care

    • Identify high-risk individuals through health history, presence of cardiovascular symptoms, lifestyle patterns, psychosocial history, employment history, and beliefs about health.
    • Management strategies should focus on preventing and controlling modifiable risk factors, encouraging lifestyle changes, and setting realistic health goals.

    Impaired Perfusion

    • Poor central perfusion results from vessel blockages leading to impaired blood flow and excessive edema impeding oxygen exchange.
    • Consequences of impaired perfusion include ischemia, irreversible cell injury, and necrosis.
    • Non-modifiable risk factors for impaired perfusion include age, sex, genetics, and ethnicity.
    • Modifiable risk factors are smoking, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension (HTN), diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle.

    Hypertension

    • A significant modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting approximately 46% of adults in the U.S.
    • Contributes to MI, heart failure, stroke, renal disease, and retinopathy.
    • Highest prevalence in African Americans, with earlier onset and greater organ damage compared to other ethnic groups.

    Gender and Ethnicity

    • Men are more prone to hypertension before middle age, whereas women's rates increase 2-3 times with oral contraceptives and after menopause.
    • Hispanic individuals often have lower rates of treatment, awareness, and control of hypertension.

    Normal Blood Pressure Regulation

    • Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), crucial for maintaining tissue perfusion.

    Etiology of Hypertension

    • Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases, with contributing factors including endothelial dysfunction, increased sodium intake, obesity, and tobacco use.

    Lifestyle Modifications for Hypertension Management

    • Recommendations include weight reduction, a DASH diet, low sodium intake, moderation of alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco.

    Causes of Secondary Hypertension

    • Neurological disorders, increased intracranial pressure, sleep apnea, vascular issues like coarctation of the aorta, pregnancy, medications, and renal disease can all contribute to secondary hypertension.

    Hypertension Drug Therapy

    • Goals for BP management vary by age and health status, generally aiming for SBP < 130 mmHg for those over 65, and 130/80 mmHg for younger adults with existing CVD or risk factors.

    Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    • Diabetes increases the risk of CAD by 2-4 times and contributes to endothelial dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism.
    • Metabolic syndrome encompasses multiple risks related to insulin resistance, including central obesity, hypertension, abnormal lipids, and elevated fasting blood glucose.

    Clinical Manifestations of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

    • Intermittent claudication indicates ischemic muscle pain from consistent exercise, resolving within 10 minutes of rest.
    • Paresthesia involves numbness or tingling in extremities due to nerve ischemia, often leading to unnoticed injuries.

    Signs of Reduced Blood Flow to Limbs

    • Manifestations may include shiny skin, hair loss, diminished pulses, pallor with leg elevation, and reactive hyperemia when the limb is lowered.

    Pain and Complications Associated with PAD

    • Rest pain suggests worsening disease, commonly in feet or toes, aggravated by limb elevation and alleviated by gravity.
    • Complications of prolonged ischemia lead to skin and muscle atrophy, delayed healing, infections, tissue necrosis, and arterial ulcers.

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    Related Documents

    Perfusion Student (2) PDF

    Description

    Explore the modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular conditions, including psychological states and substance use. Learn about effective interprofessional management strategies to identify and support high-risk individuals in achieving healthier lifestyle changes.

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