Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the papillary muscles in the heart?

To regulate heart rate by influencing electrical signals

To anchor the chordae tendinae and prevent valve prolapse (correct)

To allow blood flow from the ventricles to the aorta

To facilitate contraction of the atria

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does isovolumetric contraction occur?

When the ventricles fill with blood

When the ventricles eject blood

When the atrioventricular valves open

When all heart valves are closed, and pressure rises (correct)

Which of the following describes the heart sounds S1 and S2?

S1 is produced by the closure of semilunar valves, S2 by atrioventricular valves

Both S1 and S2 are related to the opening of heart valves

S1 is caused by the closure of atrioventricular valves, S2 by semilunar valves (correct)

S1 corresponds with atrial contraction and S2 with ventricular relaxation

What role do the chordae tendinae play in the heart?

To prevent backflow of blood during ventricular contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could potentially cause murmurs in the heart?

Narrowing or leaking of the heart valves Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during isovolumetric contraction?

AV valves are closed and ventricular pressure is rising. Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical event associated with the first heart sound (S1)?

Closure of atrioventricular valves. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs during inspiration that leads to the physiological splitting of S2?

Increased venous return to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could cause a heart murmur?

Turbulent flow due to a narrowed valve. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a faster heart rate on the loudness of the first heart sound (S1)?

It increases the loudness of S1. Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular filling, which valves are closed?

AV valves are open; semilunar valves are closed. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'physiological splitting of S2' refer to?

A variation in heart sounds during different phases of breathing. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during ventricular ejection?

Semilunar valves are open and ventricular volume is decreasing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the heart murmur associated with mitral regurgitation?

Flow through a valve that does not close properly Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Baby Carl, which observation would indicate that increased blood flow to the lungs is present?

Chest X-Ray showing markings in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a ventricular septal defect in terms of heart pressures?

Left ventricular pressure exceeds right ventricular pressure Signup and view all the answers

Why doesn’t the right side of the heart enlarge in the presence of a ventricular septal defect?

Right ventricular pressures are lower than left ventricular pressures Signup and view all the answers

Which defect would MOST likely cause an enlarged left heart in an infant like Baby Carl?

Ventricular septal defect Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom might indicate a heart defect that causes turbulent blood flow?

Profuse sweating while feeding Signup and view all the answers

How does increased blood flow to the lungs typically manifest in a chest X-Ray for cardiac defects?

Enlarged heart shadow with markings indicating congestion Signup and view all the answers

What condition might cause a heart murmur due to both turbulent flow and structural heart defects?

Ventricular septal defect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart?

To prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles fill with blood?

Diastole Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure condition is needed for the tricuspid valve to open?

Right Atrial Pressure must be greater than Right Ventricular Pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the semi-lunar valves?

They prevent backflow into the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phase when the heart chambers contract?

Systole Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the chordae tendineae function?

Papillary muscles Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ventricular relaxation and filling' refer to in the cardiac cycle?

Diastole Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?

Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery -> Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Physiology - November 2024

Course instructor: Eric Accili, PhD
Room: 2320 LSC
Department: Cellular & Physiological Sciences
Email: [email protected]

Topic 1 Objectives

Trace blood flow through the heart, starting from the vena cavae, using correct anatomical terminology.
Differentiate between atrioventricular and semilunar valves in terms of structure.
Describe the function of valves, including chordae tendinae and papillary muscles.
Relate heart chamber pressures and valve positions during the cardiac cycle
Identify diastole and systole and relate them to left ventricular pressure and volume, left atrium pressure, and valve position using the Wiggers diagram.
Detail the four phases of the cardiac cycle (ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection and isovolumetric relaxation).
Define the two heart sounds (S1 and S2).
Explain the physiological splitting of S2.
Identify three causes of heart murmurs.
Further details to be provided ("TBA").

Mini Case Topic 1 - Baby Carl

Nine days after birth, Baby Carl's heart rate was abnormally high, and he excessively sweated during feedings, sleeping through the rest of the time.
Chest X-ray revealed an enlarged left side of the heart, and lung markings indicative of increased blood flow to the lungs.

The Heart - Parts Called

Questions about the specific parts of the heart were asked by the instructor.

Cardiac Anatomy

Diagrams of the heart and its structures (atrial, ventricles, valves, blood vessels) were presented. The image included 4 Chambers and 4 valves

The Cardiac Cycle

The interplay of pressures, volumes, and sounds as the heart goes through its cycle of contraction and relaxation was presented.

How Valves Work

Detailed information about the opening and closing of heart valves.

Diastole and Systole

Definitions of Diastole (relaxation and filling phase) and Systole (contraction and ejection phase).

The Wiggers Diagram

A diagram illustrating the pressures and volumes in a single cardiac cycle. (Left ventricular pressure-volume diagram was shown).

Atrial Waveforms

Diagrams of the electrical activity and pressure changes in the atria during a cardiac cycle.

Recap of Systole and Diastole

Summary of the phases of systole (isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection), and diastole (isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling).

Heart Sounds

The sounds of heart valves closing during the cardiac cycle (S1, S2). The loudness of the sounds are related to how far the valves are spread/the rate of the heart.
The splitting of the S2 sound during inspiration was explained

Physiological Splitting of S2

The splitting of the S2 sound during inspiration was further explained
In inspiration, venous return to the right side of the heart is increased, which prolongs RV ejection, and delays RV closure
Reduced venous return to left heart shortens LV ejection and makes AV closure happen earlier

Murmurs

Murmurs are sounds indicating turbulent blood flow in the heart, often due to narrowed valves (e.g., aortic stenosis).
Murmurs are also heard when a valve doesn't correctly close (e.g., mitral regurgitation)
Murmurs can result from a septal defect causing blood to flow through a hole from high pressure to low pressure.

Mini Case - Baby Carl (Repeat/Additional)

An enlarged left heart and increased lung blood flow were reported.

What's wrong with Baby Carl?

Questions about the heart defect causing increased blood flow to the lungs and an enlarged left heart were posed. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) was an answer.

Normal Heart

A diagram showing the direction of blood flow in a normal heart was shown.

Ventricular Septal Defect

The anatomy of a VSD was illustrated.
Pressure differences within the heart are presented (e.g. 25 mmHg on the right and 100 mmHg on left during the phases of diastole.

Increased Blood Flow to Lungs

An analysis of the blood flow patterns from the Ventricular Septal Defect, to the lungs was described in detail

Left Heart Enlargement

The diagram explained how the left side of the heart is enlarged due to increased blood flow because of the septal defect.

Why doesn't the right side of the heart enlarge?

The reason why the right side of the heart doesn’t become enlarged in a VSD was explained

What’s wrong with Baby Carl (Repeat/Additional)

A summary of the heart defect causing a murmur due to the turbulent blood flow and low blood output to the body was reviewed.

What will happen to Baby Carl?

A cardiologist likely recommends surgical repair of a VSD, either percutaneously or invasively.
The defect severity will dictate treatment.
Complications are potential, and transplant may be required in worst cases.

Topic 1 Objective # 8

Analyze and discuss Baby Carl's situation, including the defect's anatomy, its physiological effects (the causes of the murmur), and the implications of delayed or no treatment/repair.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cardiovascular physiology with this quiz focused on the heart's anatomical structure, function, and the cardiac cycle. Explore concepts such as heart sounds, valve operation, and pressure dynamics with detailed questions. Perfect for students in Cellular & Physiological Sciences.

Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz - November 2024

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