Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the papillary muscles in the heart?
What is the function of the papillary muscles in the heart?
- To regulate heart rate by influencing electrical signals
- To anchor the chordae tendinae and prevent valve prolapse (correct)
- To allow blood flow from the ventricles to the aorta
- To facilitate contraction of the atria
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does isovolumetric contraction occur?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does isovolumetric contraction occur?
- When the ventricles fill with blood
- When the ventricles eject blood
- When the atrioventricular valves open
- When all heart valves are closed, and pressure rises (correct)
Which of the following describes the heart sounds S1 and S2?
Which of the following describes the heart sounds S1 and S2?
- S1 is produced by the closure of semilunar valves, S2 by atrioventricular valves
- Both S1 and S2 are related to the opening of heart valves
- S1 is caused by the closure of atrioventricular valves, S2 by semilunar valves (correct)
- S1 corresponds with atrial contraction and S2 with ventricular relaxation
What role do the chordae tendinae play in the heart?
What role do the chordae tendinae play in the heart?
Which condition could potentially cause murmurs in the heart?
Which condition could potentially cause murmurs in the heart?
What occurs during isovolumetric contraction?
What occurs during isovolumetric contraction?
What is the anatomical event associated with the first heart sound (S1)?
What is the anatomical event associated with the first heart sound (S1)?
What phenomenon occurs during inspiration that leads to the physiological splitting of S2?
What phenomenon occurs during inspiration that leads to the physiological splitting of S2?
Which condition could cause a heart murmur?
Which condition could cause a heart murmur?
What is the effect of a faster heart rate on the loudness of the first heart sound (S1)?
What is the effect of a faster heart rate on the loudness of the first heart sound (S1)?
During ventricular filling, which valves are closed?
During ventricular filling, which valves are closed?
What does the term 'physiological splitting of S2' refer to?
What does the term 'physiological splitting of S2' refer to?
What happens during ventricular ejection?
What happens during ventricular ejection?
What is the primary cause of the heart murmur associated with mitral regurgitation?
What is the primary cause of the heart murmur associated with mitral regurgitation?
In the case of Baby Carl, which observation would indicate that increased blood flow to the lungs is present?
In the case of Baby Carl, which observation would indicate that increased blood flow to the lungs is present?
What characterizes a ventricular septal defect in terms of heart pressures?
What characterizes a ventricular septal defect in terms of heart pressures?
Why doesn’t the right side of the heart enlarge in the presence of a ventricular septal defect?
Why doesn’t the right side of the heart enlarge in the presence of a ventricular septal defect?
Which defect would MOST likely cause an enlarged left heart in an infant like Baby Carl?
Which defect would MOST likely cause an enlarged left heart in an infant like Baby Carl?
What common symptom might indicate a heart defect that causes turbulent blood flow?
What common symptom might indicate a heart defect that causes turbulent blood flow?
How does increased blood flow to the lungs typically manifest in a chest X-Ray for cardiac defects?
How does increased blood flow to the lungs typically manifest in a chest X-Ray for cardiac defects?
What condition might cause a heart murmur due to both turbulent flow and structural heart defects?
What condition might cause a heart murmur due to both turbulent flow and structural heart defects?
What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart?
What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles fill with blood?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles fill with blood?
Which pressure condition is needed for the tricuspid valve to open?
Which pressure condition is needed for the tricuspid valve to open?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the semi-lunar valves?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the semi-lunar valves?
What term describes the phase when the heart chambers contract?
What term describes the phase when the heart chambers contract?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the chordae tendineae function?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the chordae tendineae function?
What does the term 'ventricular relaxation and filling' refer to in the cardiac cycle?
What does the term 'ventricular relaxation and filling' refer to in the cardiac cycle?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?
Flashcards
Atria
Atria
The two superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body.
Ventricles
Ventricles
The two inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the lungs and body.
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
These valves prevent blood from flowing back into the atria during ventricular contraction.
Semilunar valves
Semilunar valves
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diastole
Diastole
Signup and view all the flashcards
Systole
Systole
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rap
Rap
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rvp
Rvp
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lap
Lap
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lvp
Lvp
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pap
Pap
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aop
Aop
Signup and view all the flashcards
Physiological Splitting of S2
Physiological Splitting of S2
Signup and view all the flashcards
Murmur
Murmur
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stenosis
Stenosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Valve Regurgitation
Valve Regurgitation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heart murmur
Heart murmur
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Left Heart Enlargement
Left Heart Enlargement
Signup and view all the flashcards
VSD murmur
VSD murmur
Signup and view all the flashcards
Increased blood flow to the lungs (VSD)
Increased blood flow to the lungs (VSD)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why the right side of the heart doesn't enlarge in VSD
Why the right side of the heart doesn't enlarge in VSD
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's wrong with Baby Carl?
What's wrong with Baby Carl?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Physiology - November 2024
- Course instructor: Eric Accili, PhD
- Room: 2320 LSC
- Department: Cellular & Physiological Sciences
- Email: [email protected]
Topic 1 Objectives
- Trace blood flow through the heart, starting from the vena cavae, using correct anatomical terminology.
- Differentiate between atrioventricular and semilunar valves in terms of structure.
- Describe the function of valves, including chordae tendinae and papillary muscles.
- Relate heart chamber pressures and valve positions during the cardiac cycle
- Identify diastole and systole and relate them to left ventricular pressure and volume, left atrium pressure, and valve position using the Wiggers diagram.
- Detail the four phases of the cardiac cycle (ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection and isovolumetric relaxation).
- Define the two heart sounds (S1 and S2).
- Explain the physiological splitting of S2.
- Identify three causes of heart murmurs.
- Further details to be provided ("TBA").
Mini Case Topic 1 - Baby Carl
- Nine days after birth, Baby Carl's heart rate was abnormally high, and he excessively sweated during feedings, sleeping through the rest of the time.
- Chest X-ray revealed an enlarged left side of the heart, and lung markings indicative of increased blood flow to the lungs.
The Heart - Parts Called
- Questions about the specific parts of the heart were asked by the instructor.
Cardiac Anatomy
- Diagrams of the heart and its structures (atrial, ventricles, valves, blood vessels) were presented. The image included 4 Chambers and 4 valves
The Cardiac Cycle
- The interplay of pressures, volumes, and sounds as the heart goes through its cycle of contraction and relaxation was presented.
How Valves Work
- Detailed information about the opening and closing of heart valves.
Diastole and Systole
- Definitions of Diastole (relaxation and filling phase) and Systole (contraction and ejection phase).
The Wiggers Diagram
- A diagram illustrating the pressures and volumes in a single cardiac cycle. (Left ventricular pressure-volume diagram was shown).
Atrial Waveforms
- Diagrams of the electrical activity and pressure changes in the atria during a cardiac cycle.
Recap of Systole and Diastole
- Summary of the phases of systole (isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection), and diastole (isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling).
Heart Sounds
- The sounds of heart valves closing during the cardiac cycle (S1, S2). The loudness of the sounds are related to how far the valves are spread/the rate of the heart.
- The splitting of the S2 sound during inspiration was explained
Physiological Splitting of S2
- The splitting of the S2 sound during inspiration was further explained
- In inspiration, venous return to the right side of the heart is increased, which prolongs RV ejection, and delays RV closure
- Reduced venous return to left heart shortens LV ejection and makes AV closure happen earlier
Murmurs
- Murmurs are sounds indicating turbulent blood flow in the heart, often due to narrowed valves (e.g., aortic stenosis).
- Murmurs are also heard when a valve doesn't correctly close (e.g., mitral regurgitation)
- Murmurs can result from a septal defect causing blood to flow through a hole from high pressure to low pressure.
Mini Case - Baby Carl (Repeat/Additional)
- An enlarged left heart and increased lung blood flow were reported.
What's wrong with Baby Carl?
- Questions about the heart defect causing increased blood flow to the lungs and an enlarged left heart were posed. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) was an answer.
Normal Heart
- A diagram showing the direction of blood flow in a normal heart was shown.
Ventricular Septal Defect
- The anatomy of a VSD was illustrated.
- Pressure differences within the heart are presented (e.g. 25 mmHg on the right and 100 mmHg on left during the phases of diastole.
Increased Blood Flow to Lungs
- An analysis of the blood flow patterns from the Ventricular Septal Defect, to the lungs was described in detail
Left Heart Enlargement
- The diagram explained how the left side of the heart is enlarged due to increased blood flow because of the septal defect.
Why doesn't the right side of the heart enlarge?
- The reason why the right side of the heart doesn’t become enlarged in a VSD was explained
What’s wrong with Baby Carl (Repeat/Additional)
- A summary of the heart defect causing a murmur due to the turbulent blood flow and low blood output to the body was reviewed.
What will happen to Baby Carl?
- A cardiologist likely recommends surgical repair of a VSD, either percutaneously or invasively.
- The defect severity will dictate treatment.
- Complications are potential, and transplant may be required in worst cases.
Topic 1 Objective # 8
- Analyze and discuss Baby Carl's situation, including the defect's anatomy, its physiological effects (the causes of the murmur), and the implications of delayed or no treatment/repair.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
