Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which border of the heart is primarily formed by the right atrium?

  • Inferior border
  • Right border (correct)
  • Left border
  • Superior border

    • What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

  • To facilitate electrical signals within the heart
  • To prevent overstretching of the heart (correct)
  • To connect the heart to the lungs
  • To produce pericardial fluid

    • What distinguishes muscular arteries from elastic arteries?

  • Muscular arteries have more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers. (correct)
  • Muscular arteries have a thicker tunica externa.
  • Muscular arteries have fewer smooth muscle fibers.
  • Muscular arteries are incapable of vasoconstriction.

    • Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the heart's ability to contract?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines an anastomosis?

    <p>The union of branches from two or more arteries supplying the same body region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

    <p>It adheres tightly to the heart surface and is insensitive to pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillaries?

    <p>To distribute nutrients and oxygen to tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the fibrous pericardium?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about veins is correct?

    <p>Veins possess valves to prevent backflow of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes arterioles?

    <p>They are abundant and mainly consist of endothelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the 'Lub' sound in the heart?

    <p>A-V valves closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is associated with ventricular diastole?

    <p>Dup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the mitral valve auscultated?

    <p>5th intercostal space at the apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the coronary sinus?

    <p>Receives venous blood from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the primary pacemaker of the heart?

    <p>SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

    <p>Fight parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first heart sound is produced during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leukocytes has a 2-6 lobed nucleus?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

    <p>Anterior interventricular and circumflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accounts for approximately 60% of all leukocytes?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the conducting system signals the ventricles to contract?

    <p>AV node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leukocyte converts into macrophages for phagocytosis?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Facilitate blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mediastinum is divided into how many parts for the purpose of description?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is contained in the superior mediastinum?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vessel is the arch of the aorta classified as?

    <p>Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the heart situated in relation to the median plane of the body?

    <p>Two-thirds to the left of the median plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the basilic vein primarily drain?

    <p>Ulnar side of the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the cephalic vein join the axillary vein?

    <p>Near the shoulder region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins drain the head, neck, and upper limb into the superior vena cava?

    <p>Right and left brachiocephalic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site for venipuncture?

    <p>Basilic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein is known for lacking valves?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the external iliac vein?

    <p>Femoral vein passing under the inguinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tributaries contributes to the azygous vein?

    <p>Ascending lumbar veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the posterior and anterior tibial veins eventually merge to form?

    <p>Popliteal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the spleen?

    <p>Splenic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying blood to the small intestine?

    <p>Superior mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the last major branch of the abdominal aorta before it bifurcates?

    <p>Inferior mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery bifurcates to form the anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries?

    <p>Popliteal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the urinary bladder?

    <p>Superior vesicular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms when the external iliac artery passes beneath the inguinal ligament?

    <p>Femoral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries supplies the adrenal glands?

    <p>Suprarenal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains blood from the deep regions of the face and neck?

    <p>Internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal pedal artery is a continuation of which artery?

    <p>Anterior tibial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the gluteal muscles?

    <p>Internal iliac artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Circulatory System Overview

    • The circulatory system transports fluids throughout the body.
    • It consists of two interconnected parts that function in parallel: the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic systems.
    • The Cardiovascular System includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • The Lymphatic System includes lymphatic organs, lymphatic vessels, and lymph.

    Cardiovascular System Objectives

    • Students are expected to explain the general functions of the circulatory system.
    • Students are to describe the components of the cardiovascular system.
    • Students need to list the different types of blood cells and their functions.
    • Students will be able to describe the composition of plasma and the specific functions of plasma proteins.
    • Students will describe the location of the heart and its functions.
    • Students will be asked to describe the heart wall and coverings.
    • Students will be asked to discuss the blood supply and innervation of the heart.
    • Students will be required to trace the path of blood through the heart, naming its chambers and valves.
    • Students will need to name the three types of blood vessels and describe their structure and function.
    • Students will need to discuss the lymph system, including vessels, nodes, thymus and spleen.
    • Explain the relationship between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system and the role of lymphoid tissue structures and lymphocytes in a body’s defense

    Functions of the Circulatory System

    • Distributes nutrients
    • Transporters and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Removal of waste materials
    • Distributes secretions of endocrine glands
    • Prevents excessive bleeding
    • Prevents infection
    • Regulates body temperature and pH

    Major Parts of the Cardiovascular System

    • Blood Vessels: Define routes of blood flow.
    • Heart: Pumps/pushes blood through the body.
    • Blood: Is a liquid connective tissue.

    Blood - Function

    • Transportation: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
    • Regulation: Maintains fluid balance, pH, and temperature.
    • Protection: Includes blood clotting and immune responses.

    Blood Composition and Characteristics

    • Blood is about 8% of total body weight; 7.35 to 7.45 pH range.
    • Approximately 5-6 liters in an adult male; 4-5 liters in an adult female
    • Blood appears thick and homogeneous to the naked eye, but microscopic examination shows cellular and liquid components.

    Formed Elements of Blood

    • Includes blood plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
    • Blood plasma is a liquid extracellular matrix with dissolved substances (water, proteins, ions, nutrients, and wastes).
    • Formed elements are mainly red blood cells (RBCs) with less than 1% of leukocytes and platelets.

    Blood - Components of Blood Plasma

    • Blood plasma is a straw-colored, sticky fluid.
    • Although it is mostly water (about 90%), it also contains over 100 different kinds of molecules such as ions (Na+, Cl-), nutrients, waste products (urea, ammonia, and carbon dioxide), and oxygen, hormones, and vitamins.
    • Blood plasma contains three main types of proteins: albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen.
    • Serum is plasma with the clotting factors removed.

    Blood - Blood Cells

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells):
      • Have a biconcave shape; about 4.3-5.2 million per cubic millimeter in women and 5.1-5.8 million in men.
      • Lack a nucleus and organelles.
      • Their cytoplasm is packed with hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen.
      • Live for 100-120 days.
    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells):
      • Have nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin, thus appearing colorless.
      • Less numerous than erythrocytes but larger.
      • Can move in an ameboid fashion, protecting the body from infectious microorganisms.
      • Capable of functioning outside the bloodstream.
      • Leave capillaries through a process called diapedesis.
      • A leukocyte count over 11,000 per cubic millimeter indicates infection/inflammation (leukocytosis.)
    • Platelets (Thrombocytes):
      • Smallest formed elements (2-4 µm).
      • Formed from large cells called megakaryocytes (lack nuclei/organelles).
      • Involved in blood clotting via amoeboid movement and other actions.

    Blood - Blood Cell Types

    • Granulocytes

    • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

    • Larger and much shorter-lived than erythrocytes

    • Functionally, all granulocytes are phagocytic

    • Have variable-shaped nuclei

    • Neutrophils: 2-6 lobed nuclei, most abundant leukocyte (constitute 60%). First to respond to bacterial invasion

    • Eosinophils: Bilobed nuclei, account for 1-4% of all leukocytes and primarily fight parasites.

    • Basophils: Bilobed nuclei, account for 0.5-1% of all white blood cells, and release histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

    • Agranulocytes

    • Lymphocytes: 20-45% of all leukocytes. Effective in fighting infectious organisms because each lymphocyte recognizes and acts against a specific foreign molecule. B cells, T cells, and NK cells

    • Monocytes: 12-20 µm diameter, largest leukocytes, makes up 4-8% of WBC. Phagocytosis after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages

    • Platelets: The smallest formed elements (2-4 µm) formed from large cells called megakaryocytes that are crucial in blood clotting. They are also capable of amoeboid movement.

    Heart - Structure and Location

    • Hollow, muscular, four-chambered organ.
    • Weighs approximately 250-350 g in adults (about the size of a clenched fist).
    • Rests on the diaphragm near the midline of the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum.
    • Two-thirds of the heart is located on the left side of the body.
    • Has an apex (pointed end) and a broad base opposite to the apex.

    Heart - Coverings

    • Pericardium: Protective membrane surrounding the heart, with a fibrous pericardium (tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue) and a serous pericardium (thinner membrane).
    • The serous pericardium has a parietal layer (outer layer) that is sensitive to pain and a visceral layer (inner layer) attached to the heart wall that is insensitive to pain.
    • Pericardial fluid within the cavity between the layers reduces friction between the heart and its outer layers, preventing external pressure.

    Heart - Layers

    • The heart has three main layers:
      • Epicardium (outer layer
      • Myocardium (thickest layer, largely cardiac muscle)
      • Endocardium (inner most layer; a thin layer of unique epithelial tissue that lines the entire circulatory system)

    Heart - Chambers

    • Right atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
    • Right ventricle: Pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary valve, with three leaflets.
    • Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
    • Left ventricle: Pumps blood to the body via the aorta through the aortic valve, with three leaflets.

    Heart - Valves

    • Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: (Tricuspid and Bicuspid)
    • Semilunar Valves: (Aortic and Pulmonary)
    • Chordae tendineae attach cusps to papillary muscles
    • Prevents backflow of blood, maintaining one-way blood flow.

    Heart - Blood Supply

    • The heart is supplied by coronary arteries, which arise from the aorta, primarily bifurcating into anterior interventricular and circumflex branches on the left and a right coronary artery.
    • Coronary sinus, a wide venous channel along coronary sulcus that collects the heart's venous blood and drains into the right atrium.

    Heart - Conduction System

    • Sinoatrial (SA) node: The pacemaker of the heart, initiating the heartbeat.
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node: Delays the impulse from the SA node before passing it to the ventricles, allowing the atria to contract before the ventricles.
    • AV bundle (bundle of His): Transmits the impulse to the ventricles.
    • Right and left bundle branches: Carry the impulse to the apex of the heart.
    • Purkinje fibers: Distribute the impulse throughout the ventricle walls, causing them to contract.

    Heart Sounds

    • "Lub": The first heart sound, caused by closing of AV valves.
    • "Dup": The second heart sound, caused by closing of semilunar valves.

    Mediastium (location and structure)

    • The mediastinum is the space between the two lungs, in the thoracic cavity, and superiorly extends to the superior thoracic aperture (superiorly) and inferiorly to the diaphragm.
    • The mediastinum contains all thoracic visceral and structures except the lungs, and is divided into superior and inferior parts, which include various vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, and fat.

    Heart - Arterial Blood Supply and Venous Drainage(general overview)

    • Coronary arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
    • Coronary veins: Drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle.

    Hepatic Portal System (general overview)

    • A unique venous system that transports blood from the digestive organs (stomach, small intestine, and spleen) to the liver for processing and detoxification before returning to general circulation.

    Fetal Circulation(general overview)

    • Umbilical arteries bring deoxygenated blood and fetal waste products to the placenta.
    • Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.
    • Foramen ovale: A shunt from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs.
    • Ductus arteriosus: A shunt from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing the lungs.

    Adult Derivatives of Fetal Circulation

    • Fossa ovalis: The fetal foramen ovale closes after birth, becoming the fossa ovalis.
    • Ligamentum arteriosum: The ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.
    • Umbilical ligaments: The umbilical arteries and vein become the medial umbilical ligaments.
    • Ligamentum venosum: The ductus venosus closes and becomes the ligamentum venosum.
    • Round ligament (ligamentum teres): The umbilical vein becomes the round ligament (ligamentum teres).

    Lymphatic System Overview

    • A circulatory system for fluid return, which returns excess tissue fluid back into the bloodstream.
    • It also removes antigens from the body and exposes them to the immune system.

    Lymphatic System - Lymph

    • Lymph is a clear, watery fluid similar in composition to plasma but with an absence of plasma proteins. It is identical in composition to interstitial fluid.
    • Transports plasma proteins and larger particles (bacteria, cell debris) from the capillary beds into the bloodstream.

    Lymphatic System - Lymphatic Vessels

    • Lymphatic collecting vessels
    • Lymphatic trunks
    • Lymphatic ducts
    • Carry lymph toward the heart, following the general direction of blood flow, with one-way valves.
    • Fluid flows only toward the heart (unlike the circulatory system.)
    • Lymph is propelled by skeletal muscle contractions, artery pulsations, and smooth muscle contractions in the wall of lymphatic vessels.

    Lymphatic System - Lymphatic Veins

    • Collect excess tissue fluid from tissues.
    • Collect blood proteins away from capillaries.
    • Lymph nodes: Sites of lymph cleansing.

    Lymphatic System - Lymph Nodes (Structure/Function)

    • Bean-shaped organs located along lymphatic collecting vessels.
    • Filter lymph, removing pathogens and foreign particles.
    • Sites for lymphocyte proliferation. (filtering pathogens to engage the immune responses.)

    Lymphatic System - Lymph Trunks

    • Lumbar trunks: Receive lymph from the lower limbs.
    • Intestinal trunks: Receive chyle from the digestive tract.
    • Bronchomediastinal trunks: Receive lymph from the thorax.
    • Subclavian trunks: Receive lymph from the upper limbs and thoracic wall
    • Jugular trunks: Receive lymph from the head and neck

    Lymphatic System - Lymphatic Ducts

    • Thoracic duct: Drains lymph from three-quarters of the body, empties into the left subclavian vein.
    • Right lymphatic duct: Drains lymph from the upper right side of the body, empties into the right subclavian vein.

    Lymphatic System - Spleen (Structure/Function)

    • The largest lymphoid organ.
    • Located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, between the diaphragm and the stomach.
    • Functions in filtering blood (removing abnormal blood cells and antigens).
    • Stores blood platelets and macrophages for immune responses.
    • Functions in hematopoiesis (blood formation) during fetal development .

    Lymphatic System - Thymus

    • Located in the upper mediastinum, posterior to the sternum.
    • Plays a crucial role in the maturation of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell.)
    • Diminishes in size and function as an individual ages.

    Blood Vessels(general overview)

    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
    • Veins carry blood to the heart.
    • Capillaries form a network between arteries and veins for exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products.

    Blood Vessels - Tunics

    • Tunica intima
    • Tunica media
    • Tunica adventitia (or externa)

    Blood Vessels - Types of Arteries

    • Elastic arteries
    • Muscular arteries
    • Arterioles

    Blood Vessels - Capillaries

    • Tiny blood vessels with thin walls, facilitating exchange of substances. (nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste).
    • Classified by continuous, fenestrated, or sinusoid types.

    Blood Vessels - Veins

    • Larger-diameter vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
    • Contain valves that prevent backflow of blood

    Arteries of the Head, Neck, and Upper Limbs

    • Common carotid artery
    • Internal carotid arteries
    • External carotid arteries
    • Subclavian arteries
    • Axillary arteries
    • Brachial arteries
    • Radial arteries
    • Ulnar arteries

    Arteries of the Thorax

    • Descending aorta (thoracic portion)
    • Branches supply the esophagus, bronchi, pericardium, mediastinal structures, posterior intercostal arteries, and superior phrenic arteries

    Arteries of the Abdomen, Pelvis, and Lower Limbs

    • Abdominal aorta
    • Unpaired branches (celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries)
    • Paired branches (inferior phrenic, renal, suprarenal, testicular/ovarian, and lumbar arteries.
    • Common iliac arteries
    • Internal iliac arteries
    • External iliac arteries
    • Femoral arteries
    • Popliteal arteries
    • Tibial arteries
    • Fibular arteries

    Venous Drainage(general overview)

    • Veins drain blood back to the heart.
    • Many superficial and deep veins accompany the arteries, draining blood from specific regions (e.g., head, neck, upper limbs, lower limbs).
    • Venous systems contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.

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    Circulatory System Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cardiovascular physiology with this quiz. Questions cover the anatomy of the heart, its functions, and related structures such as arteries and veins. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.

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