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Questions and Answers
What condition is potentially indicated by the presence of glucose in urine?
Which mechanism is responsible for the 'lub' sound in the heart?
When is the pressure in the ventricles notably increased?
What is the significant action of Lidocaine in the context of cardiac function?
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Which type of receptor is known to cause arterial constriction?
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What is the primary function of platelets in the circulatory system?
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What is the normal cardiac output if the heart rate averages 75 bpm?
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Which of the following best describes heart murmurs?
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What is the primary effect of atrial natriuretic peptide?
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Which phase of the SA node action potential involves a decrease in potassium conduction?
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In which phase of the ventricular action potential is calcium conductance the highest?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing renal sodium reabsorption?
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During isovolumetric relaxation, which pressure is higher?
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What type of effect do Beta 1 receptors on the sympathetic system have?
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What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed by the proximal tubules?
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What is the most likely hormone to be secreted when stranded in a hot desert?
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What occurs during the QT interval?
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Which type of leukocyte is responsible for releasing histamine?
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Where can you hear the sounds of the aortic valve?
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What occurs during the QRS complex?
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Deficiency of folic acid is characteristic of which type of anemia?
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Study Notes
Heart Murmurs
- Caused by heart valve stenosis or backflow of the valves
Lidocaine
- Blocks sodium channels
QRS Complex
- Represents ventricular depolarization
- P wave represents atrial depolarization
Glucose in Urine
- Indicates kidney disease
Platelets
- Clot blood
Collecting Tubule
- Absorbs sodium
- Secretes potassium
Isovolumetric Contraction
- Increases ventricular pressure
Cardiac Output
- Average cardiac output for 75 bpm is 5 liters.
Alpha 1 Receptors
- Cause vasoconstriction
Heart Sounds
- "Lub" sound caused by closure of the AV valves
- "Dub" sound caused by closure of the semilunar valves
- Pulmonary valve sounds are heard on the right side of the chest in the 2nd intercostal space
- Aortic valve sounds are heard on the right side of the chest in the 2nd intercostal space
- Tricuspid valve sounds are heard on the left side of the chest in the 5th intercostal space
- Bicuspid valve sounds are heard on the left side of the chest in the 5th intercostal space
Beta 1 Receptor Function
- Positive inotropic effect, meaning it increases the strength of heart muscle contraction
ADH
- Secreted when dehydrated
- Increases water reabsorption
Proximal Tubule
- Reabsorbs 67% of sodium
Bilirubin
- Dead blood cells are converted to bilirubin after 120 days
Microcytic Anemia
- Deficiency of folic acid is a characteristic of microcytic anemia
Second-Degree AV Block
- P wave without associated QRS complex
Ventricular Repolarization
- Occurs during the QT interval
- Ventricles are fully depolarized during the QRS complex
Aldosterone
- Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney
Ventricular Action Potential Phases
- Review and understand the phases of ventricular action potential
Basophils
- Release histamine
Isovolumetric Relaxation
- Phase 1 of the heart cycle
SA Node Action Potential - Phase 4
- Decrease in potassium conduction
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
- Reduces aldosterone levels
- Relaxes venous smooth muscles
- Inhibits renin
Angiotensin II
- Stimulates vasoconstriction
- Stimulates aldosterone secretion
- Raises ADH levels
Increased Contractility
- Increased calcium (Ca2+) levels increases contractility of the heart
Propranolol
- Blocks beta 1 receptors
Loop of Henle
- The entire loop of Henle is not permeable to water.
Factors that Increase Renal Sodium Reabsorption
- Aldosterone
Ventricular Action Potential - Phase 2
- Highest calcium (Ca2+) conductance
Isovolumetric Relaxation - Pressure
- Arterial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure during isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular Diastole on EKG
- P wave
- T wave
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts of cardiovascular physiology, including heart murmurs, cardiac output, and electrical activity of the heart. This quiz covers critical topics such as heart valve function, ventricular depolarization, and the role of alpha 1 receptors. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or physiology.
