Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of creatine kinase (CK) in cardiac muscle cells?

  • To facilitate ATP production from creatine phosphate (correct)
  • To store fatty acids for energy
  • To convert lactic acid into glucose
  • To initiate depolarization of the heart

    • Which wave in the electrocardiogram (ECG) correlates with atrial depolarization?

  • P wave (correct)
  • U wave
  • T wave
  • QRS complex

    • Which event occurs immediately after the QRS complex in the cardiac cycle?

  • Atrial diastole
  • Ventricular repolarization
  • Atrial repolarization
  • Ventricular contraction (ventricular systole) (correct)

    • What is indicated by an abnormal ECG reading?

    <p>Possible damage to the heart regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atria contract?

    <p>Immediately after the P wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the T wave in an ECG represent?

    <p>Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of energy utilized by cardiac muscle?

    <p>Bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrically precedes the contraction of the ventricles?

    <p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are primarily responsible for monitoring the onset of physical activity?

    <p>Proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on the heart's function?

    <p>It speeds up spontaneous depolarization at SA and AV nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant influence on heart rate when the body is at rest?

    <p>Parasympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excess potassium (K+) in the blood affect heart rate?

    <p>It decreases heart rate by blocking action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT mentioned as affecting heart rate?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the sound of a heartbeat?

    <p>Turbulence in blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves?

    <p>S1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atrioventricular valves open?

    <p>Atrial systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound represents the closing of the semilunar valves?

    <p>S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of innocent heart murmurs?

    <p>They often disappear with growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase follows atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sounds are typically quiet and not normally heard?

    <p>S3 and S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the opening of the atrioventricular valves during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Increased pressure in the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of blood typically found in the left ventricle at the end of diastole?

    <p>130 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the stroke volume represent in the context of cardiac output?

    <p>The volume of blood ejected with each contraction of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by all four heart valves being closed?

    <p>Isovolumetric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the End Systolic Volume (ESV) in the left ventricle typically?

    <p>60 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT part of the regulation of stroke volume?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cardiac output?

    <p>To ensure adequate blood volume is delivered to body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does ventricular repolarization occur?

    <p>Ventricular diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the SL valves during isovolumetric contraction?

    <p>They close to prevent backflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes cardiac muscle fibers from skeletal muscle fibers?

    <p>Cardiac fibers exhibit branching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for setting the rhythm of the heart?

    <p>Sinoatrial node cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pacemaker potential reach action potential in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>By depolarizing spontaneously to threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of cardiac muscle allows for cell-to-cell communication within the tissue?

    <p>Intercalated discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of ATP production in cardiac muscle?

    <p>Aerobic cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the refractory period in cardiac muscle contractions?

    <p>It is longer than the contraction period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the action potential in cardiac muscle initiated?

    <p>By spontaneous depolarization from the SA node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly describes the propagation of the cardiac action potential?

    <p>SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a greater preload have on cardiac muscle fibers according to the Frank-Starling law?

    <p>It increases the force of contraction during systole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely to cause a decrease in myocardial contractility?

    <p>Low levels of interstitial calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does hypertension have on afterload?

    <p>Increases afterload causing valves to open later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sympathetic nervous system influence the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Increases calcium levels affecting contraction strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an individual experiences an increase in intravascular potassium levels, what is the likely outcome on heart contractility?

    <p>Decreased contractility leading to weaker heart contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata play?

    <p>Stimulates the sympathetic nerves to increase heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the Frank-Starling law's effect on the ventricles?

    <p>It facilitates synchronization of blood flow to both circulatory systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium channel blockers primarily affect which aspect of cardiac function?

    <p>They decrease calcium inflow, thereby reducing contraction strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component within the cardiac muscle helps in the transmission of electrical impulses between cells?

    <p>Intercalated discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of autorhythmic cells in the heart?

    <p>They generate spontaneous action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) between cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers?

    <p>Cardiac SR is smaller and has less calcium reserve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the cardiac action potential, which ion primarily causes depolarization?

    <p>Sodium (Na+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the refractory period in cardiac muscle contraction?

    <p>It prevents tetanus and maintains rhythm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the conduction system of the heart acts as the primary pacemaker?

    <p>Sinoatrial (SA) node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism ensures that cardiac muscle can produce ATP efficiently?

    <p>Aerobic cellular respiration predominantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence for the propagation of an action potential in the heart?

    <p>SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atria, Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of aortic stenosis on blood flow?

    <p>Decreased stroke volume from the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the protrusion of mitral valve cusps into the left atrium during contraction?

    <p>Mitral valve prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common valve disorder affecting women?

    <p>Mitral valve prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart valve is most frequently replaced due to dysfunction?

    <p>Aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the closing of the semilunar valves?

    <p>Flow of blood back toward the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the right side of the heart?

    <p>Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of rheumatic fever that affects heart valves?

    <p>Heart valve regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the cardiac cycle, what occurs when the ventricles relax?

    <p>Blood flows back and fills the valve cusps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves?

    <p>S1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart murmur is commonly found in children and may disappear with growth?

    <p>Functional murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs during atrial systole in relation to ventricular function?

    <p>Ventricular pressure rises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the sound of a heartbeat?

    <p>Turbulence in blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Isovolumetric relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of auscultation in relation to heart sounds?

    <p>To listen to internal body sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the S3 heart sound during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Turbulence as the ventricles fill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to the development of a heart murmur?

    <p>Stenotic or incompetent valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the coronary circulation in the heart?

    <p>Delivering oxygenated blood and removing waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries branch off from the ascending aorta to supply the myocardium?

    <p>Left and right coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cardiac tissue during a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Tissue dies due to interrupted blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of anastomoses in the myocardium?

    <p>They provide alternate routes for blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the coronary sinus primarily do?

    <p>Drains deoxygenated blood into the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does silent myocardial ischemia imply?

    <p>Ischemic episodes occur without pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment may be indicated for a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Anticoagulants and thrombolytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the left coronary artery is also known as the left anterior descending artery?

    <p>Anterior interventricular branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause for the P wave appearing in an ECG?

    <p>Atrial depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the QRS complex in an ECG?

    <p>It indicates ventricular depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cardiac cycle, what event occurs immediately after the T wave?

    <p>Ventricular diastole starts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy substrate is NOT typically utilized by cardiac muscle?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of cardiac contraction starting from the SA node?

    <p>SA node, atrial contraction, AV node, ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle follows atrial systole?

    <p>Ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of creatine kinase (CK) in cardiac muscle?

    <p>Enabling rapid ATP production from creatine phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the AV node during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>The impulse slows down to allow for atrial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ductus arteriosus at birth?

    <p>It transforms into the ligamentum arteriosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ventricles have thicker walls compared to the atria?

    <p>Ventricles must pump blood greater distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the atrioventricular (AV) valves to prevent backflow into the atria?

    <p>Contraction of papillary muscles tightening chordae tendineae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the operation of semilunar valves?

    <p>They permit blood ejection while preventing backflow into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the right and left ventricles differ in wall thickness?

    <p>The left ventricle has thicker walls because it pumps against greater resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the thin walls of the atria?

    <p>They only transport blood a short distance to the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation do atrioventricular valves open?

    <p>When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the contraction of the ventricles in relation to the AV valves?

    <p>The pressure from the ventricles closes the AV valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System: The Heart

    • The cardiovascular system consists of blood, heart, and blood vessels.
    • The heart pumps blood approximately 100,000 times daily, circulating it through an estimated 60,000 miles of blood vessels.
    • The heart is located in the mediastinum, situated between the lungs, with about two-thirds of its mass to the left of the midline.
    • The apex of the heart is inferior and the base is superior.
    • The heart is enclosed and held in place by the pericardium.
      • The pericardium has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer (epicardium).
      • The serous pericardium's parietal layer and visceral layer are separated by pericardial fluid, reducing friction.
    • The heart wall has three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
    • The epicardium is mesothelium and connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels that supply the myocardium.
    • The endocardium is a thin layer of endothelium and connective tissue providing a smooth lining to the heart chambers and valves.
    • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
      • Atria receive blood from veins.
      • Ventricles eject blood into arteries.
    • The auricles are small pouches on the anterior surface of each atrium, increasing their capacity.
    • The sulci are grooves containing blood vessels and fat, separating the chambers.

    Heart Chambers

    • Right Atrium: Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. Contains pectinates muscles and fossa ovalis. Blood passes to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
    • Right Ventricle: Forms the anterior surface of the heart and has trabeculae carneae. Blood vessels called chordae tendineae connect the cusps of the tricuspid valve to papillary muscles. Blood passes to the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary valve.
    • Left Atrium: Receives blood from the pulmonary veins. Blood passes to the left ventricle through the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
    • Left Ventricle: Thickest chamber, forming the apex. Possesses trabeculae carneae and chordae tendineae. Blood passes to the ascending aorta via the aortic valve.

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow into the atria.
      • The AV valves open when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure.
      • When ventricular pressure is higher, the AV valves close, preventing backflow.
    • Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles.
      • Semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure is higher than arterial pressure, allowing blood to flow out of the ventricles.
      • When ventricular pressure is lower than arterial pressure, the semilunar valves close, preventing backflow.

    Cardiac Cycle

    • The cardiac cycle describes the entire sequence of events in one heartbeat. It involves systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) in atria and ventricles.
    • Heart sounds (lub-dub or S1 and S2) result from valve closure.
    • Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected per minute by each ventricle; calculated as (stroke volume) X (heart rate)

    Cardiac Output Regulation

    • Stroke volume is determined by preload, contractility, and afterload.
    • Preload is the degree of stretch on cardiac muscle before contraction, determined by the end-diastolic volume.
    • Contractility is the forcefulness of individual ventricular muscle fiber contractions, affected by factors like sympathetic nervous system stimulation and hormones.
    • Afterload is the pressure that must be overcome to eject blood.
    • Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic).
    • Chemical factors such as hormones and electrolyte levels also influence heart rate and contractility.

    Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    • The ECG is a recording of electrical changes during a cardiac cycle, showing atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
    • The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
    • The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.
    • The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cardiovascular physiology with this quiz covering key concepts about the heart, ECG readings, and muscle function. Questions delve into creatine kinase roles, heart cycles, and the effects of hormones and electrolyte levels on heart rate.

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