Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What do chemoreceptors primarily detect?

  • Changes in smooth muscle fiber tension
  • Increases in heart rate and blood flow
  • Changes in arterial oxygen concentration or pH levels (correct)
  • Variations in blood viscosity

    • What does the p-wave on an ECG specifically represent?

  • The delay at the A-V node
  • Firing of the sino-atrial node and atrial depolarization (correct)
  • Depolarization of the ventricles
  • Electrical activity in the ventricles

    • Which statement best describes Troponin?

  • A peptide involved in vasoconstriction
  • A hormone that increases blood pressure
  • A marker of dehydration in the body
  • A protein that regulates muscle contractions (correct)

    • How is afterload defined?

    <p>The pressure against which the ventricle ejects blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely manifestation of increased pulmonary interstitial fluid?

    <p>Bibasal crackles in lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Loss of synchrony between atrial and ventricular activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about chemoreceptors is true?

    <p>They detect changes in blood CO2 and oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Troponin in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Facilitating muscle contraction in cardiac muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs is most effective in lowering the risk of stroke associated with hypertension?

    <p>Antihypertensives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is considered definitive for diagnosing heart failure?

    <p>Echocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk for a patient with hypertension?

    <p>Increased risk of stroke &amp; heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern regarding ventricular ectopic beats?

    <p>They can lead to ventricular fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common early complication of a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering Alteplase (Cathflo Activase) during an acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>To restore blood flow to ischemic myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications can occur from persistent ventricular ectopic beats?

    <p>Ventricular fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in the prognosis of a patient with myocardial infarction?

    <p>Time to receive medical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical manifestations is characteristic of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral oedema and orthopnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Circle of Willis?

    <p>Provides collateral circulation to brain tissue when there is a blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Captopril belongs to which class of anti-hypertensive medications?

    <p>Angiotensin converting-enzyme Inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) have on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Vasodilation, natriuresis &amp; diuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common complication following a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Cardiac dysrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes a potential adverse effect of the Circle of Willis during a cerebrovascular accident?

    <p>It can spasm during cerebral ischaemia &amp; worsen functional outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a misinterpretation of the function of B-type natriuretic peptide?

    <p>It increases SNS activity in heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oxygen saturation level indicates a patient is at risk of complications?

    <p>Oxygen saturation below 96% with a patient experiencing dyspnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily used for diagnosing heart failure?

    <p>B-Type Natriuretic Peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of using Captopril and Bisoprolol in Chronic Heart Failure management?

    <p>They reduce hospitalisation and death risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acronym is used for the diagnosis of a stroke?

    <p>FAST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not typically used to clinically diagnose a stroke?

    <p>PET scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary rationale for ordering brain imaging in embolic stroke?

    <p>To assess for cerebral ischaemia or intracranial haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not indicative of right-brain damage from a stroke?

    <p>Speech language deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with left-brain damage from a stroke?

    <p>Paralysed on the right-hand side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings indicate that the patient is progressing toward septic shock?

    <p>Serum lactate 4 mmol/L, SBP 24 bpm &amp; BP 150/78 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stain indicates the identification of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in synovial fluid culture?

    <p>Gram crystal violet positive stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial seeding can lead to which of the following?

    <p>Dilation of synovial vessels causing tissue edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a compensatory response to decreased cardiac output?

    <p>Vasoconstriction &amp; fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a more likely cause for the progression of Atrial Fibrillation?

    <p>Structural &amp; neurohormonal changes in heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system directly contributes to the remodeling of the heart leading to arrhythmias?

    <p>RAAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following promotes heart failure through mechanisms associated with Atrial Fibrillation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should oxygen be administered for a person experiencing an acute heart failure stage?

    <p>Only when respiratory distress is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemoreceptors

    • Detect changes in arterial oxygen concentration or pH levels.

    ECG

    • P-wave represents firing of the sino-atrial node and depolarization of the atrium.

    Troponin

    • Proteins found in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibres, regulate contractions.

    Afterload

    • The pressure against which the ventricle ejects blood from the heart.

    Pulmonary interstitial fluid

    • Increased fluid can manifest as bibasal crackles in the lungs.

    Atrial Fibrillation

    • Characterized by loss of synchrony in the electrical activity between atria and ventricles, quivering of the upper chambers at a rate of 300-600 times a minute

    Left-sided heart failure

    • Clinical manifestations include cyanosis, cough and peripheral oedema, orthopnoea.

    Circle of Willis

    • Provides collateral circulation to brain tissue if there is a blockage.

    Captopril

    • Found in the angiotensin converting-enzyme Inhibitor group of anti-hypertensive medication.

    B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

    • Causes vasodilation, natriuresis and diuresis.

    Myocardial Infarction complications

    • Most common complication is cardiac dysrhythmia, a rapid or irregular heartbeat.

    Anti-hypertensives

    • Most effective drug group for lowering the risk of stroke associated with hypertension.

    Heart failure diagnosis

    • Echocardiogram is used to definitively diagnose heart failure.

    Hypertension

    • Patients with hypertension have a high risk of stroke and heart attack.

    Ventricular ectopic beats

    • Can develop into ventricular fibrillation.

    Myocardial Infarction complications

    • Most common early complication of myocardial infarction is dysrhythmias.

    Alteplase (Cathflo Activase)

    • Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administered to a patient with an acute MI to restore blood flow to the ischaemic myocardium.

    Septic shock

    • Serum lactate 4 mmol/L, SBP <90 mmHg and BP 150/78 mmHg indicate progression toward septic shock.

    Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

    • Identified by a violet crystalline stain in synovial fluid culture.

    Bacterial seeding

    • Can lead to dilation of synovial vessels causing synovial tissue becoming oedematous.

    Compensatory response for decreased cardiac output

    • Vasoconstriction and fluid retention.

    Progression of Atrial Fibrillation

    • Structural and neurohormonal changes in heart failure (reduced/preserved EF) are a likely cause for progression of Atrial Fibrillation.

    Heart remodelling

    • The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) directly contributes to the remodelling of the heart leading to arrhythmias.

    Atrial Fibrillation and heart failure

    • Impaired LV filling decreasing cardiac output by 25%, irregular and/or rapid ventricular conduction leads to LV dysfunction, tachycardia-induced myopathy. All contribute to heart failure.

    Oxygen administration for acute HF

    • Oxygen should be administered if oxygen saturation is below 95%.

    Diagnosis of heart failure

    • B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is useful for the diagnosis of heart failure.

    Long-term management of Chronic Heart Failure

    • Captopril & Bisoprolol reduce the risk of HF development, hospitalisation and death, improve survival, are recommended for treatment of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction.

    Stroke diagnosis acronym

    • FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time).

    Stroke diagnosis testing

    • Cerebral angiography, cerebral CT, PET scan, MRI are used to clinically diagnose a stroke.

    Brain imaging for embolic stroke

    • To determine if there is cerebral ischaemia or intracranial haemorrhage.

    Right-brain stroke indication

    • Speech language deficit is not an indication that the Right-brain has been damaged from a stroke.

    Left-brain stroke indication

    • Paralysed on the right-hand side is an indication that the Left-brain has been damaged from a stroke.

    Ischaemia

    • Severe ischaemia for cerebral tissue is indicated by less than 20% blood flow.

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    HV3 Practice Quiz 1 & 2 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on important aspects of cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology. The quiz covers topics such as chemoreceptors, ECG interpretation, and the effects of medications like Captopril. Expand your understanding of heart conditions and the vascular system.

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