Cardiovascular Physiology Matching Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Match the blood conditions with their effects on blood viscosity:

Anemia = Decreases viscosity Polycythemia = Increases viscosity Low RBC count = Decreases TPR High RBC count = Increases MAP

Match the heart valve sounds with their corresponding events:

First sound (lub) = AV valves close Second sound (dup) = Semilunar valves close Systole = Heart contraction Diastole = Heart relaxation

Match the changes in total peripheral resistance (TPR) with blood conditions:

Anemia = Decreased TPR Polycythemia = Increased TPR Decreased viscosity = Decreased MAP Increased viscosity = Increased MAP

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure Blood viscosity = Thickness of blood Heart sounds = Sounds associated with heart valves Reservoir refill = Constant rate of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the physiological processes with their outcomes:

<p>During digestion = Increased blood flow to the gut With anemia = Lower systemic pressure With polycythemia = Higher systemic pressure Before systole = AV valves closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phase of the cardiac action potential with its characteristic event:

<p>Phase 0 = Voltage-gated Na+ channels open Phase 1 = Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate Repolarization = Voltage-gated K+ channels open Initial depolarization = Attainment of threshold potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ion movement with its effect during depolarization and repolarization:

<p>Na+ influx = Drives depolarization K+ efflux = Drives repolarization Na+ concentration gradient = Net movement into cell K+ electrical gradient = Net movement out of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the mechanism with the corresponding activity during initial repolarization:

<p>Inactivation of Na+ channels = Steep decrease in Na+ permeability Opening of K+ channels = Increase in K+ permeability Threshold potential = Stimulates K+ channels Concentration gradient = Drives net movement of K+ out of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the phase they describe:

<p>Phase 0 = Concentration gradient drives Na+ into cell Phase 1 = Membrane potential reaches positive value</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept with its role during cardiac action potentials:

<p>Voltage-gated sodium channels = Primary driver of depolarization K+ leak channels = Blocked during depolarization Threshold potential = Triggers the opening of K+ channels Membrane permeability changes = Regulates ion movement during phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases of cardiac muscle contraction with their descriptions:

<p>Ventricular pressure surpassing aortic pressure = Aortic valve opens and blood is ejected into the aorta Ventricle repolarizes = Aortic valve closes and AV valve yet to open Atrial pressure surpassing ventricular pressure = AV valve opens and blood flows into the ventricle Isovolumic relaxation = Steep decrease in ventricular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of blood pressure conditions with their locations relative to the heart:

<p>Additive pressures = Vessel located below the heart Subtractive pressures = Vessel located above the heart Pressure driven flow = Transport of O2, CO2, and nutrients throughout the body Insufficient pressure = Inability for blood to reach the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about blood flow with their implications:

<p>Circulation is pressure-driven = Essential for transport of hormones Ventricular relaxation alters pressures = AV valve opens to allow blood flow Height difference in vessels affects pressure = Pressure calculation includes gravitational effects Aortic pressure increases = Leads to ejection of blood into the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cardiac events with their corresponding waveforms:

<p>T wave = Ventricle repolarization S2 = Closure of the aortic valve Atrial contraction = Increases left atrial pressure Isovolumic contraction = Ventures ventricles fill with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of cardiac physiology with their functions:

<p>Aortic valve = Regulates blood flow into the aorta AV valve = Allows blood flow into ventricles Ventricular pressure = Drives blood circulation Gravitational effects = Influences pressure in vessels below heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reflex with its key description:

<p>Baroreceptor reflex = Stimulates an increase in stroke volume, heart rate, and total peripheral resistance Atrial volume receptor reflex = Sends afferent signals to the CNS to alter autonomic signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the circulatory system with their functions:

<p>Heart = Pumps blood throughout the body Arterial system = Distributes blood from the heart Venous system = Collects blood to return to the heart Capillary beds = Site of exchange between blood and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood volume change with its effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP):

<p>Increased blood volume = Leads to atrial volume receptor reflex (AVRR) Decreased blood volume = Triggers increased thirst and reduced renal Na+/H2O excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the mechanism with its role in blood pressure regulation:

<p>CNS inhibition of sympathetic signaling = Occurs during the atrial volume receptor reflex (AVRR) CNS stimulation of parasympathetic signaling = Affects heart rate and vascular resistance Increase in total peripheral resistance = Results from the baroreceptor reflex activation Increase in thirst = Stimulated by decreased blood volume detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heart ventricles with their primary role:

<p>Right ventricle = Propels blood to the lungs Left ventricle = Propels blood to systemic tissues Pulmonary circulation = Oxygenates blood Systemic circulation = Delivers nutrients to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of cardiac action potentials with their descriptions:

<p>SA node = Pacemaker of the heart AV node = Delays impulse transmission from atria to ventricles Bundle of His = Transmits impulses through the interventricular septum Purkinje fibers = Rapidly transmits impulses to inner ventricular myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the physiological condition with its reflex response:

<p>Low stroke volume (SV) = Baroreceptor reflex stimulates increase in SV and MAP High atrial volume = Atrial volume receptor reflex signals result in lower MAP Normal HR and TPR = Observed before baroreceptor reflex activation High arterial distention = Triggers atrial volume receptor reflex mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Return blood to the heart Arterioles = Smaller branches of arteries Venules = Small vessels that drain capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sequence of heart contractions with the corresponding event:

<p>Both atria contract = Almost simultaneously AV node conduction = Brief pause in contraction Both ventricles contract = Nearly synchronous Heart relaxes = Fills with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its correct definition:

<p>Baroreceptor reflex = Involved in short-term blood pressure adjustments Atrial volume receptors = Monitors blood volume via distension detection Sympathetic nervous system = Generally increases heart rate and vascular resistance Parasympathetic nervous system = Generally decreases heart rate and enhances relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood flow effects with their resulting changes:

<p>Increased CO2 in venous blood = Reduced blood flow in capillaries Decreased O2 in venous blood = Reduced cellular metabolism Nutrient depletion = Inadequate flow to tissues Waste accumulation = Slow exchange in capillary beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phase of cardiac action potential propagation with its speed:

<p>Atrial myocytes = Rapid propagation AV node = Slow propagation Bundle branches = Rapid propagation Ventricular myocytes = Rapid propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the structure with its specific function in cardiac conduction:

<p>SA node = Generates action potentials spontaneously AV node = Connects atria and ventricles Bundle branches = Distributes impulses to ventricles Purkinje fibers = Ensures rapid ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each component with its relevant vascular network:

<p>Aorta = Branches into the arterial system Pulmonary artery = Transports blood to lungs Vena cava = Collects blood from the venous system Pulmonary vein = Returns oxygenated blood to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes to their respective summaries:

<p>Oxygen acquisition = Occurs in pulmonary circulation Waste product removal = Occurs in systemic circulation Nutrient delivery = Via arterial system Carbon dioxide expulsion = Via venous system during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cardiac conduction sequence with its timing:

<p>Atrial contraction = 0.1 seconds AV node conduction = 0.5 seconds Ventricular contraction = Almost simultaneous Recovery phase = Refills heart with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of blood vessels with their characteristics:

<p>Arteries = Thicker walls to handle pressure Veins = Valves to prevent backflow Capillaries = One cell thick for exchange Arterioles = Regulate blood flow to capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to cardiac conduction with their correct descriptions:

<p>Cardiac myocytes = Specialized muscle cells of the heart Conduction system = Ensures orderly heartbeats Interventricular septum = Separates the left and right ventricles Synchronous contraction = Simultaneous contraction of muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the heart structures with whether they primarily conduct or generate impulses:

<p>SA node = Generates impulses AV node = Conducts impulses Bundle of His = Conducts impulses Atrial myocytes = Contracts in response to impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their implications in blood flow:

<p>Reduced flow = Increased accumulation of waste Increased flow = Enhanced nutrient delivery Normal flow = Stable exchange and metabolism Obstructed flow = Tissue hypoxia and damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the arrhythmia-related terms with their meanings:

<p>Arrhythmia = Irregular heartbeat Bradycardia = Slow heart rate Tachycardia = Fast heart rate Asytole = No heart electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the pump of the circulatory system?

The heart, the organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

What is the role of the right ventricle?

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

What is the role of the left ventricle?

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

What is the arterial system responsible for?

The arterial system is a network of blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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What is the venous system responsible for?

The venous system carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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What is the role of capillary beds?

Capillary beds are tiny blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and cells.

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What is the aorta?

Aorta is the main artery carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

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What is the vena cava?

Vena cava is the largest vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

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SA node

A specialized group of cardiac myocytes that initiate the heartbeat and regulate its pace.

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AV node

A specialized region in the heart that slows down the conduction of action potentials, allowing the atria to finish contracting before the ventricles.

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Bundle of His

A bundle of specialized muscle fibers that transmits action potentials from the AV node to the ventricles, ensuring coordinated contraction.

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Bundle branches

Two branches of the bundle of His that deliver action potentials to the left and right ventricles, facilitating synchronized contractions.

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Purkinje fibers

Specialized cardiac myocytes that rapidly transmit action potentials throughout the ventricle walls, ensuring a coordinated contraction of the ventricular muscle.

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Cardiac action potential propagation

The sequence of electrical events that trigger the heartbeat, starting at the SA node and propagating through the specialized conduction system to the ventricles.

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Sequence of contractions

The specialized conduction system of the heart ensures a specific sequence of contractions: both atria contract first, then a brief pause, followed by the coordinated contraction of both ventricles.

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AV node delay

The delay in transmission of action potentials at the AV node ensures the atria have enough time to expel blood into the ventricles before the ventricular contraction begins.

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Isovolumic relaxation

The phase of the cardiac cycle where the ventricle relaxes and fills with blood.

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Aortic Valve Opens

When the pressure inside the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta, forcing the aortic valve open and allowing blood to be ejected into the aorta.

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Ventricular Repolarization

Heart muscle repolarization, causing the heart to relax and blood to flow back into the ventricle.

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Hydrostatic pressure below the heart

The pressure created by the heart is added to the hydrostatic pressure caused by gravity, resulting in higher pressure in blood vessels located below the heart.

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Hydrostatic pressure above the heart

The pressure created by the heart is reduced by hydrostatic pressure caused by gravity, resulting in lower pressure in blood vessels located above the heart.

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Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

The amount of resistance against blood flow in the peripheral blood vessels.

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Blood Pressure

The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels.

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How Blood Viscosity Affects Blood Pressure

Anemia is a condition where there are fewer than normal red blood cells. This makes the blood thinner and less viscous. Polycythemia is a condition with an abnormally high number of red blood cells which makes the blood thicker and more viscous.

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Heart Sounds and Valve Action

The first heart sound ('lub') happens as the AV valves close at the start of ventricular contraction (systole). The second heart sound ('dup') occurs when the Semilunar valves close at the beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole).

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What is the depolarization phase (Phase 0) of a cardiac action potential?

The initial phase of an action potential during which the cell membrane rapidly depolarizes. This is caused by the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell.

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What causes the steep rise in membrane permeability to sodium during depolarization?

Voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell, which drives the membrane potential to become more positive.

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What occurs during the initial repolarization phase (Phase 1) of a cardiac action potential?

This phase sees the membrane briefly repolarize, caused by the inactivation of sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cell.

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What is the mechanism behind the decrease in membrane permeability to sodium and the increase in permeability to potassium during initial repolarization?

Sodium channels inactivate spontaneously, shortly after opening, while potassium channels open, causing potassium to move out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative.

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What is the effect of the opening of potassium channels on the membrane potential during the initial repolarization phase?

The cell membrane briefly becomes more permeable to potassium ions, leading to a net outward movement of potassium and a decrease in intracellular cations, resulting in a negative shift in the membrane potential.

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Baroreceptor reflex

A reflex that counteracts changes in blood pressure by altering heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance.

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Limitations of Baroreceptor Reflex

The baroreceptor reflex cannot fully restore normal blood pressure values in the face of persistent changes in blood volume. Instead, it minimizes further deviations from normal blood pressure.

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Atrial Volume Receptors

Mechanoreceptors located in the walls of the atria that sense changes in blood volume and atrial stretch/distention.

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Atrial Volume Receptor Reflex (AVRR)

A reflex that regulates blood pressure based on changes in atrial volume. It regulates blood pressure by altering sympathetic and parasympathetic signaling, impacting heart rate, stroke volume, and vascular resistance.

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Restoration of Blood Volume by AVRR

The AVRR helps restore blood volume to normal levels by regulating blood pressure, thirst, and sodium and water excretion by the kidneys.

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Study Notes

Physiology (0603302)

  • Course name: Physiology
  • Course code: 0603302
  • Chapter: Cardiac Physiology
  • Semester: Summer 2023/2024
  • Instructor: Dr. Mohammad A. Abedal-Majed
  • Institution: The University of Jordan, School of Agriculture

Cardiac Physiology Resources

  • Video (327): How does human circulatory system work – 3D animation - YouTube
  • Video (328): Human Heart Anatomy And Physiology | How Human Heart works? (3D Animation) - YouTube
  • Video (335): Circulatory System and Pathway of Blood Through the Heart - YouTube

Blood Flow

  • Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart.
  • Systemic circulation involves blood flow from the heart to the other tissues in the body, and back to the heart.

Vascular System

  • Pulmonary circulation (low pressure): poorly oxygenated blood to lungs, and highly oxygenated blood to the heart.
  • Systemic circulation (high pressure): highly oxygenated blood to tissues, and poorly oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Functional Components of the Circulatory System

  • Pump (heart): responsible for pumping blood
  • Distributing tubes (arterial system): carry blood away from the heart
  • Collecting tubes (venous system): collect blood returning to the heart
  • Exchange system (capillary beds): allow for exchange of substances between blood and tissues

The Pumps

  • Right ventricle: pumps blood through the lungs (pulmonary circulation) acquires O2, expels CO2
  • Left ventricle: pumps blood through all other tissues (systemic circulation) delivers O2 & nutrients, obtains CO2 & waste products

Distributing (arterial system) & Collecting tubes (venous system)

  • Arterial system: branching of aorta & pulmonary artery; progressively smaller vessels (arteries → arterioles → capillaries)
  • Venous system: empties into vena cava & pulmonary vein; smaller vessels join to form larger vessels (capillaries → venules → veins)

Exchange System (capillary beds)

  • Exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, & waste products between blood & tissues via capillaries

Cardiac Output

  • CO = SV x HR
  • Stroke Volume (SV): volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat (average 70 mL/beat)
  • Heart Rate (HR): heart beats per minute (average 70 beats/min)
  • Resting cardiac output: approximately 5 liters/minute
  • Exercise cardiac output: can increase to 20-25 liters/minute

Heart Valves

  • Atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles (left - mitral, right - tricuspid)
  • Semilunar valves: between ventricles and major arteries (left - aortic, right - pulmonic)

Electrical Activity of Cardiac Muscle Cells

  • Specialized muscle cells in the SA node spontaneously depolarize, creating an action potential.
  • The action potential spreads through the heart via gap junctions.
  • Pacemaker cells depolarize without neural stimulation, setting the basic heart rate.
  • Motor neurons from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems modify the heart rate.

Cardiac Action Potentials

  • Cardiac action potentials are relatively long (100–250 ms).
  • Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are important in prolonging these action potentials
  • Phase 4 (Resting Membrane Potential): Membrane is more permeable to potassium (K+) than sodium (Na+) or calcium (Ca2+)
  • Phase 0 (Depolarization): Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels open, causing a rapid influx of Na+
  • Phase 1 (Initial Repolarization): Sodium channels inactivate, and potassium (K+) channels open, leading to a rapid outflow of K+
  • Phase 2 (Plateau): Calcium channels open, causing a slow influx of Ca2+. This plateau prevents the ventricles from contracting too quickly
  • Phase 3 (Repolarization): Calcium channels close, and potassium (K+) efflux accelerates, returning the membrane potential to the resting state.
  • Phase 4 (Resting Membrane Potential): Voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels close.

Cardiac Cycle

  • Contraction of cardiac muscle increases ventricular chamber pressure, causing the opening of semilunar valves and the closing of atrioventricular valves.
  • Relaxation of cardiac muscle decreases ventricular chamber pressure; atrioventricular valves open and semilunar valves close.

Blood Pressures

  • Circulation is pressure-driven flow of blood throughout the body
  • Pressures are additive when vessels are below the heart, and subtractive when above the heart
  • Blood pressure values vary between a minimum (diastolic) & maximum (systolic) pressure.
  • Pulse pressure = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic pressure + (1/3) pulse pressure

Resistance & Blood Pressures

  • Resistance is opposition to blood flow in a vascular bed.
  • Arterioles have the highest resistance.
  • Capillaries & venules have intermediate resistance.
  • Veins have the lowest resistance.

Total Peripheral Resistance & Blood Pressures

  • TPR= (change in pressure) / resistance
  • Organ receives aortic blood
  • Organ drained by vena cava
  • Arteriolar diameter is what determines vascular resistance in each organ

Clinical Applications

  • Blood viscosity
  • Blood pressure measurement
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Blood Pressure Regulation

  • Sympathetic nervous system: norepinephrine and epinephrine increase heart rate and contractility & cause vasoconstriction.
  • Parasympathetic nervous system: acetylcholine decreases heart rates and causes vasodilation.

Baroreceptor Reflex

  • Baroreceptors sense blood pressure changes
  • Sends signals to the CNS for control (sympathetic, parasympathetic effect
  • This reflex helps restore normal blood pressures.

Atrial Volume Receptor Reflex

  • Atrial volume receptors sense blood volume
  • Sends signals to the CNS for control (hormonal, nervous system effects
  • This reflex helps restore normal blood volume.

Blood Pressure & RAAS

  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated by reduced blood pressure and low blood volume
  • RAAS, promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure.

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Ch.3 Cardiac Physiology Summer 2023/2024 PDF

Description

Test your understanding of cardiovascular physiology by matching key terms, conditions, and physiological processes with their effects or definitions. This quiz covers various aspects of blood viscosity, heart valve sounds, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac action potentials. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.

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