Cardiovascular Physiology: Blood Pressure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of elastic arteries?

  • To increase blood pressure
  • To constrict blood vessels
  • To distribute blood according to tissue needs
  • To smooth out pulse pressure waves (correct)

    • What is the relationship between pressure and flow in the cardiovascular system?

  • Q = ΔP + R
  • Q = ΔP x R
  • Q = ΔP - R
  • Q = ΔP/R (correct)

    • What is the term used to describe the reduction of pressure pulsations in the arterial system?

  • Propagation of the pressure pulses
  • Reflection of the pressure pulses
  • Amplification of the pressure pulses
  • Damping of the pressure pulses (correct)

    • What is the term used to describe the total opposition to blood flow in the systemic circulation?

    <p>Total peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating total peripheral resistance?

    <p>TPR = MAP / CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in mean arterial pressure on total peripheral resistance?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate pressure in the vena cava and right atrium?

    <p>Close to zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Pressure difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amplitude of pressure pulsations in an artery?

    <p>Pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects blood viscosity?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the measurement of the pulse pressure wave in the femoral artery?

    <p>Palpation of the pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>Systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>Diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate pulse pressure?

    <p>Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of pulse pressure in relation to stroke volume?

    <p>It is directly proportional to stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate mean arterial pressure?

    <p>Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is mean arterial pressure more significant than other pressures in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Because it represents the average pressure throughout the cardiac cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines arterial pressure when arterial compliance is constant?

    <p>The volume of blood in the artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that regulates the central venous pressure?

    <p>The ability of the heart to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance?

    <p>Pulmonary vascular resistance is 1/12 the resistance of the systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the right atrium pressure when the right heart is pumping strongly?

    <p>Right atrium pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

    <p>PVR = MEAN PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE - MEAN PULMONARY VENOUS PRESSURE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ventilation-perfusion matching in the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To match blood flow through the lungs with the amount of fresh air delivered to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dilating arterioles on peripheral venous pressure?

    <p>Peripheral venous pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between mean arterial pressure and cardiac output?

    <p>Mean arterial pressure is directly proportional to cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the right atrium pressure when there is weakness of the heart?

    <p>Right atrium pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure in the vena cava and right atrium?

    <p>Central venous pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for causing vasoconstriction in arterioles and venules?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the cardiac accelerator center on the heart?

    <p>Increase heart rate and conduction velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in the cardiac decelerator center?

    <p>M2 and M3 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strongest stimulus for baroreceptors?

    <p>Rapid change in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the efferent neurons from the vasopressor center synapse?

    <p>In the spinal cord and then in the sympathetic ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in parasympathetic activity on the SA node?

    <p>Decrease heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the afferent nerves from the baroreceptors synapse?

    <p>In the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response to an increase in MAP detected by baroreceptors?

    <p>Decrease heart rate and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is involved in the cardiac decelerator center?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in sympathetic activity on the SA node?

    <p>It decreases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in sympathetic activity on arterioles?

    <p>It dilates arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall effect of the baroreceptor reflex on mean arterial pressure during hemorrhage?

    <p>It increases mean arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sensitivity of baroreceptors in chronic hypertension?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of receptor accommodation in chronic hypertension?

    <p>Hypertension is maintained, rather than corrected by the baroreceptor reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure?

    <p>MAP = CO x TPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in cardiac output on mean arterial pressure?

    <p>It decreases mean arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in total peripheral resistance on mean arterial pressure?

    <p>It decreases mean arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of receptor accommodation on the baroreceptor reflex?

    <p>It decreases the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 intrinsic factors for blood flow?

    <p>The 3 intrinsic factors are preload, contractility and afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epinephrine is the most important vasodilator

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vasoconstrictor?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulse pressure is an indicator of stroke volume, because the magnitude of pulse pressure reflects the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle on a single beat

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compliance?

    <p>The amount of blood volume a vessel can hold at a particular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure pulses waves travel from high resistance to high compliance arteries

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MAP is regulated by what two things?

    <p>It is regulated by the baroreceptor reflex and the RAAS system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The baroreceptor reflex arc is composed of…

    <p>Afferent/efferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What other organs/places does angiotensin II act on? (Hint: 5)

    <p>Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex, vascular smooth muscle, kidneys, brain and heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What zone of the adrenal gland does angiotensin II act on?

    <p>Zone glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineralocorticoid is released from the Zona glomerulosa?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone helps with increase of ________ absorption and excretion of potassium

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin II is able to act on the “thirst center” to increase thirst and water intake. What is this thirst center?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH causes vasodilation

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four other mechanisms that assist in regulating MAP?

    <p>Chemoreceptors for O2 and CO2, ANP and ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific receptors in the veins, atria and pulmonary arteries sense changes in blood volume?

    <p>Cardiopulmonary volume receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What peptide is released from the heart in response to blood volume increase ?

    <p>ANP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organs does ANP act on that bring the blood volume back to normal?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pressures in the Cardiovascular System

    • Blood pressure is not equal throughout the cardiovascular system; a pressure difference is necessary to drive blood flow.
    • With each heartbeat, a new surge of blood fills the arteries, causing pressure to increase.
    • The amplitude of pressure pulsations in an artery is called pulse pressure.

    Systolic and Diastolic Pressure

    • Systolic pressure is the highest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle, occurring when blood is ejected from the left ventricle.
    • Diastolic pressure is the lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle, occurring during ventricular relaxation when no blood is being ejected from the left ventricle.

    Pulse Pressure

    • Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, reflecting the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle on a single beat.
    • Pulse pressure is an indicator of stroke volume.

    Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

    • MAP is the average pressure in a complete cardiac cycle, calculated as diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure.
    • MAP is the most significant pressure that drives blood into tissues over the course of the cardiac cycle and is monitored and regulated by blood pressure reflexes.

    Arterial Compliance and Resistance

    • Elastic arteries (e.g., aorta and carotid artery) have high compliance and are involved in pulse-smoothing.
    • Muscular arteries (e.g., femoral and mesenteric arteries) have high resistance and are capable of vasoconstriction and dilation to distribute blood according to tissue needs.

    Pulmonary Circulation

    • Pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure circulation with lower vascular resistance compared to systemic circulation.
    • Pulmonary blood vessels are compliant and readily distend to accept increased blood flow.

    Venous Pressures

    • Venous pressures are much lower than arterial pressures, decreasing to near zero in the vena cava and right atrium.
    • Central venous pressure (CVP) is regulated by the ability of the heart to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs and by venous return from the peripheral veins.

    Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure

    • MAP is regulated by the vasomotor center, cardiac accelerator center, and cardiac decelerator center.
    • The baroreceptor reflex plays a key role in regulating MAP in response to changes in blood pressure.

    Baroreceptor Reflex

    • The baroreceptor reflex is a rapid response to changes in MAP, involving the detection of pressure changes by baroreceptors, transmission of information to the medulla, and coordinated responses from the medullary cardiovascular centers.
    • The reflex responds to changes in MAP by altering heart rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral resistance to maintain homeostasis.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the topic of blood pressure in the context of cardiovascular physiology, including pressures in the cardiovascular system and related concepts.

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