Cardiovascular Physiology - Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

What causes the bright red color of oxygenated hemoglobin in red blood cells?

  • The pH level of the blood
  • The binding of oxygen molecules (correct)
  • The temperature of the environment
  • The presence of carbon dioxide

Which of the following describes the appearance of deoxygenated hemoglobin?

  • Vivid bright red
  • Darker blue-red (correct)
  • Dark purple
  • Translucent

What clinical sign indicates poor oxygenation in tissues?

  • Pale mucous membranes
  • Increased heart rate
  • Rapid breathing
  • Cyanosis (correct)

In which situation might you observe cyanosis in pigs?

<p>During an infection such as African Swine Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of an animal can be used to assess the oxygenation status of blood?

<p>The mucous membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ receives nearly 20% of cardiac output despite its small percentage of body mass?

<p>Kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of plasma in blood?

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Digestive enzyme production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does packed cell volume measure in a blood sample?

<p>Percentage of red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the brain's blood supply is accurate?

<p>It receives a larger proportion of cardiac output than its body weight would suggest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of blood is predominantly made up of white blood cells?

<p>Buffy coat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is transported from the lungs to all cells in the body?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the percentage of red blood cells determined in a blood sample?

<p>Through centrifugation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dark mucous membranes in a dog most likely indicate?

<p>Poor oxygenation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences blood flow in vessels?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one result of vasodilation in blood vessels?

<p>Increased blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the highest blood pressure typically occur within the vascular system?

<p>Major arteries like the aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement unit is used for blood pressure?

<p>Millimeters of mercury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood pressure change as blood moves through the vascular system?

<p>It decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause changes in the radius of blood vessels?

<p>Nerve activity and local factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood flow when there are small changes in vessel diameter?

<p>It can significantly impact blood flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oncotic pressure in the bloodstream?

<p>It helps retain fluid within the blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood vessels, what describes hydrostatic pressure?

<p>The pressure from blood within the blood vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein is specifically noted for its importance in exerting oncotic pressure?

<p>Albumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms might indicate the presence of edema in an animal as presented in the clinical case?

<p>Fluid accumulation under the jaw. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely effect of low oncotic pressure in the bloodstream on edema formation?

<p>It will decrease fluid retention in blood vessels, leading to more edema. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestations could arise from an imbalance in Starling's forces?

<p>Fluid imbalance resulting in edema. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition might a goat with lethargy, difficulty breathing, and pale mucous membranes indicate regarding its fluid levels?

<p>Imbalance of Starling's forces and potential edema. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential treatment focus for the goat displaying symptoms of fluid accumulation?

<p>Administering additional plasma proteins to increase oncotic pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by pale mucous membranes in sheep and goats?

<p>Anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood analysis result confirms anemia in an animal?

<p>Low packed cell volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary parasite identified in fecal analysis that affects sheep and goats?

<p>Haemonchus contortus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response does anemia trigger in the body?

<p>Increased heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does anemia primarily affect oxygen delivery to organs?

<p>Reduces the amount of oxygen transported (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is NOT observed in the goat?

<p>Increased appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could the swelling under the jaw indicate?

<p>Fluid accumulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of the pale mucous membranes in this goat?

<p>Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increased pulse and respiratory rates in the goat are likely responses to which condition?

<p>Hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment would be most appropriate considering the signs observed?

<p>Fluid therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the swelling under the jaw potentially suggest about the goat's health status?

<p>Infectious disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the observed signs, what does the term 'edema' refer to?

<p>Fluid retention in tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The goat's symptoms developed over what period?

<p>One month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiac Output to Kidneys

Kidneys receive a substantial portion of cardiac output, despite being a small percentage of body mass.

Cardiac Output to Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles receive a significant portion of cardiac output, although they are a larger percentage of body mass.

Cardiac Output to Brain

The brain receives a large portion of cardiac output relative to its body weight.

Cardiovascular System Function

The cardiovascular system transports and communicates important substances for respiration, nutrition, excretion, and maintaining pH balance, along with regulating temperature, hormones, and blood clotting.

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Substances Transported by Blood

The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, immune cells, antibodies, clotting proteins, hormones, and nutrients.

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Blood Components

Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells (buffy coat), and plasma.

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Packed Cell Volume

The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample.

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Blood Parameters

Measurements like protein levels, white blood cell types (inflammation), and platelet counts (clotting) are measured in blood checks.

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Oxygen Transport

Most oxygen in blood is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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Hemoglobin and Color

Oxygenated hemoglobin is bright red; deoxygenated is darker.

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Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of skin/tissue; indicates low blood oxygen.

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Oncotic Pressure

The pressure exerted by proteins in the blood, pulling water into the blood vessels.

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Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure of blood within the blood vessels.

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Starling's Forces

The combination of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures that determine fluid movement across capillary walls.

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Edema (in context)

Fluid accumulation in tissues, often seen as swelling.

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Clinical Case (goat)

Six-month-old goat with lethargy, difficulty breathing, thinness, pale mucous membranes, and jaw swelling.

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Blood Flow

The volume of blood moving through a vessel per unit time, measured in liters per minute.

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Blood Pressure

The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels, measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

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Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure exerted by a fluid, like blood, at rest within a vessel.

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Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels.

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Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels.

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Blood Vessel Radius

The size of the inside diameter of a blood vessel.

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Blood flow from higher to lower pressure

Blood flows from areas with higher pressure to areas with lower pressure in the circulatory system.

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Pale mucous membranes

A sign of anemia, where the mucous membranes (inside of the mouth, gums, etc.) appear paler than normal.

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Increased pulse/respiration

Faster heart rate and breathing rate, often a sign of illness or stress.

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Edema under jaw

Swelling with fluid under the jaw.

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Goat with lethargy

A 6-month-old female kid goat showing a lack of energy and difficulty breathing.

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Possible cause of edema

The cause might be related to the goat's anemia and the related symptoms. Further investigation is needed.

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Sheep Anemia Cause

Anemia in sheep is caused by a blood-sucking parasite, Haemonchus contortus, found in the abomasum.

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Anemia Symptoms: Pale Membranes

Pale mucous membranes are a visible sign of anemia.

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Anemia Symptoms: Low RBCs

Low red blood cell count (low packed cell volume) in blood samples confirms anemia.

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Anemia Symptoms: Increased HR

Anemia causes the body to increase heart rate to compensate for reduced oxygen.

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Anemia Symptoms: Increased RR

Anemia causes the body to increase respiratory rate to compensate for reduced oxygen.

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Parasite Species

The parasite involved in the sheep anemia case is Haemonchus contortus.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular Physiology - Lecture 1

  • Learning Objectives: Understand the cardiovascular system and apply knowledge to basic clinical scenarios.
  • Textbooks: Cunningham and Sjaastad recommended, Cunningham preferred by the instructor.
  • Cardiovascular Physiology Definition: The study of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  • Heart Cessation: Stopping the heart leads to unconsciousness within one minute and irreversible brain damage/death within a few minutes due to lack of oxygen (ischemia) leading to tissue damage (infarct).
  • Heart Anatomy (Diagram): Distinguishes the left side (thicker wall, pumps blood to body) from the right side (thicker wall, pumps blood to lungs) and labels internal structures like valves (tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid).

Distribution of Cardiac Output

  • Graph: Illustrates the percentage of cardiac output each organ receives.
  • Key Organs: Kidneys, Skeletal muscles, brain, and digestive tract receive a significant proportion of cardiac output, even though they may be proportionally smaller in body mass.

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

  • Comprehensive Role: Transports materials, communications network, and maintains important processes (respiration, nutrition, excretion, acid-base balance, water balance, body temperature, hormones, hemostasis).

Blood Composition (Table)

  • Substances Transported: Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes, immune cells, hormones, and metabolic products.
  • Components and Function: Whole blood contains red blood cells ("erythrocytes") packed cell volume (percentage of red blood cells), White blood cells (leukocytes), and plasma. Blood clotting is also assessed.

Blood and Oxygen Transport

  • Oxygen Transport: Hemoglobin within red blood cells carries oxygen; oxygenated blood is bright red, deoxygenated blood is darker.
  • Assessment of Oxygenation: Mucous membranes (gums, eyelids) are observed for color changes indicating appropriate oxygenation (e.g., in dogs and large animals). Cyanosis (blue) indicates poor oxygenation.

Hemoglobin

  • Structure and Function: Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, binds oxygen and transports it. It's composed of alpha and beta chains including heme (iron) units.

Pressure, Flow, and Resistance

  • Pressure Gradient: Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
  • Factors Affecting Flow and Resistance: Radius/diameter of blood vessels affects flow. Nerve activity and local factors cause vasodilation/vasoconstriction, impacting blood flow.

Oncotic Pressure, Hydrostatic Pressure, and Starling's Forces

  • Oncotic Pressure: Opposition to fluid loss, maintains fluid inside the blood vessels due to proteins.
  • Hydrostatic Pressure: Pressure that blood exerts against the vessel walls.
  • Starling's Forces: Combined forces that balance pressure gradients and fluid movement (in and out of blood vessels).
  • Clinical Applications: Oncotic/hydrostatic pressure are critical for fluid movement across blood vessels.

Clinical Case: Goat

  • Goat Symptoms: Pale gums/mucous membranes, lethargy, and difficulty breathing.
  • Possible Cause: Anemia (low blood count) due to a blood-sucking parasite (e.g., Haemonchus contortus) that damages blood vessels and/or lowers circulating protein levels which then causes edema (fluid buildup).

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