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Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors would directly cause an increase in stroke volume (SV)?
Which of the following factors would directly cause an increase in stroke volume (SV)?
- Decreased plasma epinephrine
- Decreased end diastolic volume (EDV)
- Increased parasympathetic stimulation
- Increased sympathetic stimulation (correct)
If a person's systolic pressure is 130 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is 85 mm Hg, what is their pulse pressure?
If a person's systolic pressure is 130 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is 85 mm Hg, what is their pulse pressure?
- 85 mm Hg
- 215 mm Hg
- 130 mm Hg
- 45 mm Hg (correct)
According to the equation $\Delta P = CO \times PR$, if cardiac output (CO) decreases and peripheral resistance (PR) remains constant, what will happen to the pressure gradient ($\Delta P$)?
According to the equation $\Delta P = CO \times PR$, if cardiac output (CO) decreases and peripheral resistance (PR) remains constant, what will happen to the pressure gradient ($\Delta P$)?
- There is no relationship between cardiac output and pressure gradient.
- The pressure gradient will increase.
- The pressure gradient will decrease. (correct)
- The pressure gradient will remain constant.
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between blood flow and peripheral resistance (PR)?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between blood flow and peripheral resistance (PR)?
What effect would vasoconstriction have on peripheral resistance (PR) and blood flow?
What effect would vasoconstriction have on peripheral resistance (PR) and blood flow?
Which of the following factors will cause a decrease in heart rate (HR)?
Which of the following factors will cause a decrease in heart rate (HR)?
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricular relaxation and filling with blood?
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricular relaxation and filling with blood?
If a patient has a heart rate of 70 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml/beat, what is their cardiac output?
If a patient has a heart rate of 70 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml/beat, what is their cardiac output?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Which of the following has the slowest blood flow?
Which of the following has the slowest blood flow?
Flashcards
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle
All events associated with one heartbeat, divided into systole and diastole.
Systole
Systole
The period of ventricular contraction and blood ejection.
Diastole
Diastole
The period of ventricular relaxation, during which ventricles fill with blood.
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
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Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
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Blood Flow
Blood Flow
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Pressure Gradient (ΔP)
Pressure Gradient (ΔP)
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Blood Pressure (BP)
Blood Pressure (BP)
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
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Study Notes
- Definitions in Cardiovascular Physiology
Cardiac Cycle
- All events associated with one heart beat.
- Divided into two major phases:
- Systole: Ventricular contraction and blood ejection.
- Diastole: Ventricular relaxation during which ventricles fill with blood.
- End Diastolic Volume (EDV): Amount of blood in the ventricle just before ejection.
Cardiac output
- Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
- Determined by stroke volume and heart rate.
- Stroke Volume (SV): Volume of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single contraction.
- Affected by EDV, sympathetic nerves and plasma epinephrine.
- The larger the EDV, the larger the SV.
- Sympathetic stimulation increases the SV.
- Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla increases SV.
- Affected by EDV, sympathetic nerves and plasma epinephrine.
- Heart Rate (HR): Number of heart beats per minute.
- Affected by sympathetic nerves, parasympathetic nerves, and plasma.
- Sympathetic stimulation increases the HR.
- Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the HR.
- Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla increases HR.
- Affected by sympathetic nerves, parasympathetic nerves, and plasma.
Equation to Calculate Cardiac Output
- CO (liters/minute) = SV (liters/beat) x HR (beats/minute)
Blood Flow and Pressure Gradient
- Blood Flow: Volume of blood that flows per minute
- Pressure Gradient (ΔP): Difference in force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls in one area compared to another.
- Blood flows from high to low pressure.
- ΔP = CO x PR.
Blood Pressure and Resistance
- Blood Pressure (BP): Outward forces exerted by blood on blood vessel walls.
- Peripheral Resistance (PR): Impedance to blood flow.
- Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient.
- Blood flow is inversely proportional to PR.
- Fastest in the aorta, slowest in capillaries.
- Blood flow is inversely proportional to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessel
- Inversely proportional:
- Blood vessel radius and PR
- Water loss (in urine) and blood volume
- Directly proportional:
- Blood viscosity and PR
- Blood vessel length and PR
- SV and CO
- HR and CO
- Water gain and blood volume
- PR and BP
- CO and BP
- Blood volume and BP
Mean Arterial, Systolic, Diastolic and Pulse Pressure
- Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Average pressure in systemic arteries during an entire cardiac cycle.
- Systolic Pressure: Averages about 120 mm Hg.
- Pressure rises during ventricular systole and declines during ventricular diastole.
- Diastolic Pressure: Averages about 80 mm Hg when a person is at rest.
- Pulse Pressure: Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.
- MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3(systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)
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