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Questions and Answers
What are the two primary components of blood?
What are the two primary components of blood?
What distinguishes arteries from veins?
What distinguishes arteries from veins?
Which statement accurately describes the systemic circuit?
Which statement accurately describes the systemic circuit?
How is heart rate recovery defined?
How is heart rate recovery defined?
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What is an anticipatory response in the context of heart rate?
What is an anticipatory response in the context of heart rate?
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What does HR variability (HRV) represent?
What does HR variability (HRV) represent?
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Which layer is not typically found in the structure of blood vessels?
Which layer is not typically found in the structure of blood vessels?
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Which of the following best describes stroke volume (SV)?
Which of the following best describes stroke volume (SV)?
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What is defined as the ability of the whole body to sustain prolonged, steady-state exercise?
What is defined as the ability of the whole body to sustain prolonged, steady-state exercise?
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Which physiological change is likely to occur in skeletal muscle following aerobic endurance training?
Which physiological change is likely to occur in skeletal muscle following aerobic endurance training?
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What term describes the structural adaptation in the heart characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy from chronic endurance training?
What term describes the structural adaptation in the heart characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy from chronic endurance training?
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What change occurs in cardiac output during submaximal exercise following chronic endurance training?
What change occurs in cardiac output during submaximal exercise following chronic endurance training?
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Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training?
Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training?
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Chronic adaptations to a 12-week running training program may include which of the following?
Chronic adaptations to a 12-week running training program may include which of the following?
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Stroke volume increases after chronic endurance training due to which factor?
Stroke volume increases after chronic endurance training due to which factor?
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Respiratory adaptations to endurance training typically include all of the following except?
Respiratory adaptations to endurance training typically include all of the following except?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Physiology
- CVD is the leading cause of global mortality, typically 18 million deaths annually.
- VO2max predicts all-cause mortality.
- VO2max is the maximum amount of oxygen intake, transported, and utilized by an individual.
- It reflects the efficiency of the heart, lungs, and muscles working together.
- 1 MET (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) increase correlates to a 13% decrease in all-cause mortality.
- A MET is 3.5 ml of O2/kg/min.
Cardiovascular System Basics
- Components include the heart, blood, systemic circulation, and pulmonary circulation.
- Purposes include: oxygen delivery and CO2 removal, nutrient and hormone transportation, thermoregulation, and maintaining blood pressure (7.35-7.45 pH).
Blood Basics
- 5 liters of blood in an average human body.
- Composed of 55% plasma (90% water, 7% plasma proteins, 3% other nutrients and hormones) and 45% hematocrit (44% RBCs, 1% WBCs and platelets.)
- Hemoglobin percentage can indicate hydration levels and disease factors.
- Sex differences are noted, e.g. males ~40-45%, females ~35-40%.
- RBCs have a significant role in nutrient and oxygen transportation.
The Heart
- Automaticity describes the intrinsic ability of the heart to depolarize itself.
- Only nodal cells posesses this ability, located within the heart.
Vascular System
- Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
- Veins have high compliance for holding increased blood volumes.
- Arteries deliver blood away from the heart using their elasticity.
- Arterioles regulate blood flow.
- Capillaries facilitate gas exchange between blood and tissues.
- Venules collect blood for transport to the veins.
Cardiac Cycle
- Cardiac output (Q) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
- Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped per beat.
- EDV (end-diastolic volume) represents the volume of blood in the ventricles after relaxation.
- ESV (end-systolic volume) represents the volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction.
- HR (heart rate) is the number of heart contractions per minute.
- Ejection fraction (%EF) measures the percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each beat.
Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise
- Resting heart rate can range from under 60 to over 100 bpm.
- Exercise increases HR, controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- Anticipatory response: HR increases before exercise starts.
- Steady state: when HR plateaus during prolonged exercise.
HR Variability (HRV)
- High HRV indicates lower stress and better recovery.
- Low HRV indicates higher stress and poorer recovery.
Stroke Volume (SV)
- Frank-Starling Law: the heart pumps more efficiently when filled with more blood.
- Preload (EDV) is regulated intrinsically to stretch the heart.
- Contractility (force of contraction) can be both intrinsic and extrinsic.
Adaptations to Aerobic Exercise
- Training increases cardiac function and peripheral blood flow, enhancing muscle fiber capacity for ATP generation.
- Purpose of cardiorespiratory system is oxygen transport to tissues and ATP synthesis via oxidative metabolism.
- VO2max refers to maximal oxygen consumption during exhaustive exercise.
- Muscular endurance vs cardiorespiratory; muscular relates to single muscle group vs whole body.
Other factors to consider in cardiovascular system
- CSA is high in pulmonary capillaries.
- Neural/hormonal control: sympathetic and parasympathetic systems regulate heart rate at rest, catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine affect this.
- HR recovers quickly from exercise in well-trained individuals.
- Heart rate recovery is an indicator of all-cause mortality.
- HRV (heart rate variability) reflects the amount of time between heartbeats.
Additional Factors
- Aerobic fitness is vital for overall physiological health.
- Chronic adaptations in the cardio-respiratory system result from aerobic training and improved metabolism.
- Lactate threshold correlates to the intensity of exercise before lactate builds up.
- Factors affecting VO2 include training specificity, age, sex, and genetics.
- Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) measures the ratio of CO2 to O2 during metabolism.
- Chronic adaptations encompass cardiac hypertrophy, increased stroke volume, decreased resting heart rate, improved oxygen utilization, and increased mitochondrial number (among other adaptations.)
Quiz Questions
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of cardiovascular physiology, including the role of VO2max in predicting mortality and understanding the components of the cardiovascular system. Explore blood composition and its functions in oxygen delivery and thermoregulation.
