Cardiovascular Pharmacology Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which diabetic nephropathy reduces microalbuminuria?

  • Inhibition of glucagon release
  • Increase in renal blood flow
  • Formation of new nephrons
  • Decrease in renal changes such as mesangial cell apoptosis (correct)

    • What adverse effect is most commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?

  • Acute renal failure
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Dry cough (correct)
  • Severe hypotension

    • Which condition can be a life-threatening adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?

  • Eruptive xanthomas
  • Proteinuria
  • Renal impairment
  • Angioedema (correct)

    • What causes bronchial irritation leading to cough when using ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Accumulation of bradykinin and prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which circumstance might ACE inhibitors exacerbate proteinuria?

    <p>In patients with significant renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these responses correctly describes bradykinin's role with ACE inhibitors?

    <p>It contributes to both beneficial effects and adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When treating cough caused by ACE inhibitors, what is the best initial course of action?

    <p>Switch to a different class of antihypertensives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored in patients receiving ACE inhibitors, particularly those with renal impairment?

    <p>Serum creatinine and potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism primarily contributes to the decrease in blood pressure (BP) discussed in the content?

    <p>Decreased peripheral resistance without inducing reflex tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do the pharmacological agents have on cardiac output (CO) in cases of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

    <p>Increase CO primarily by reducing venous return and systemic BP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects pertains to the prevention of myocardial complications discussed in the content?

    <p>Preventing myocyte cell hypertrophy and collagen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reason could explain the absence of reflex tachycardia mentioned in the content?

    <p>Resetting of baroreceptors potentially from prolonged exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is a direct consequence of the pharmacological effects outlined in the content?

    <p>Prevention of cardiac remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the systemic blood pressure function is accurate according to the pharmacological effects?

    <p>Reductions in systemic BP occur without altering pre-existing tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does enhanced parasympathetic activity play in relation to the cardiovascular system as per the content?

    <p>It contributes to reduced heart rate and decreased BP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the therapeutic uses of the outlined agents in systemic hypertension?

    <p>To reduce systemic vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During acute myocardial infarction, which of the following is likely prevented by the pharmacological effects described?

    <p>Ventricular remodeling through collagen deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the agents impact myocardial hypertrophy in congestive heart failure?

    <p>They decrease myocardial hypertrophy and remodelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological function is NOT directly influenced by the agents in heart failure treatment?

    <p>Increasing afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process does NOT occur due to the pharmacological action of these agents?

    <p>Increased apoptosis in cardiac cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In acute myocardial infarction (MI), what effect do these agents NOT have?

    <p>Lead to increased hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily managed by reducing tissue collagen synthesis?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the agents play regarding aldosterone in congestive heart failure?

    <p>They inhibit aldosterone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the agents reducing the action on AT1 receptors?

    <p>Decreased degenerative changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with the use of ACE inhibitors in severe renal failure or bilateral renal artery stenosis?

    <p>Exacerbation of renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of using ACE inhibitors during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal pulmonary hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken when starting ACE inhibitors to avoid first dose hypotension?

    <p>Use a small initial dose at bedtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may occur due to the use of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Severe neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical monitoring parameter after initiating ACE inhibitor therapy?

    <p>Potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) from ACE inhibitors?

    <p>ARBs selectively block AT1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diuretic should be avoided when taking ACE inhibitors to prevent complications?

    <p>Potassium-sparing diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on angiotensin II activity?

    <p>They inhibit the production of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

    <p>Blocking of AT-1 receptors to decrease vasoconstriction effects of Ang-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is less common with Angiotensin Receptor Blockers compared to ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the efficacy of aliskiren compared to ACE inhibitors and ARBs?

    <p>Comparable in efficacy and side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of ARBs over ACE inhibitors regarding Ang-II action?

    <p>They block AT-1 receptors, the final station for Ang-II effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the limitations of ACE inhibitors compared to ARBs?

    <p>They are less effective due to only inhibiting ACE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does renin play in the RAAS system?

    <p>It activates angiotensinogen into Ang-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner do the adverse effects of aliskiren compare to those of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>They resemble those of ACE inhibitors closely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the increase in bradykinins associated with ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Increased incidence of cough and angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharmacological agents mentioned reduce tissue collagen synthesis to alleviate degenerative changes caused by Ang-II on AT2 receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In congestive heart failure, the agents aim to decrease preload by reducing systemic vascular resistance and inhibiting aldosterone release.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of these agents in treating systemic hypertension includes maintaining hyperrenin states.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by the accumulation of bradykinin leading to proteinuria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cough due to ACE inhibitors is primarily caused by bronchodilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the therapeutic effects during acute myocardial infarction is the prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angioedema caused by ACE inhibitors can potentially be life-threatening.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reduction of myocardial hypertrophy through apoptosis and collagen synthesis decreases is a mechanism by which these agents exert their benefits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The agents cause a decrease in renin levels, which subsequently leads to increased sodium and water retention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microalbuminuria is directly reduced by the aggregation of mesangial cells in diabetic nephropathy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACE inhibitors can exacerbate proteinuria in individuals with severe renal impairment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharmacological effects of these agents include an increase in myocardial cell hypertrophy due to the action on AT1 receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discontinuing ACE inhibitors will cause a dry cough to persist indefinitely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin-II is a vasodilator when acting on its receptor, resulting in lower blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary adverse effect of ACE inhibitors is the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal changes from diabetic nephropathy include increased collagen synthesis in the kidneys.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacological agents primarily decrease blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the presence of congestive heart failure, these agents do not affect cardiac output.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enhanced parasympathetic activity can contribute to the absence of reflex tachycardia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment effects of these pharmacological agents prevent only the remodeling of large coronary arteries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The agents' impact on blood pressure does not involve changes in the cardiac output.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance of blood flow is primarily increased due to the actions of these pharmacological agents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    They lead to an increase in venous return, which increases afterload and reduces cardiac output.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These pharmacological agents can lead to changes in the collateral circulation during acute myocardial infarction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temporary loss of taste is referred to as dysgeusia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Orthostatic hypotension is a potential risk when initiating medication in sodium-depleted patients.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Captopril's immunologic side effects may partially be due to its sulfhydryl group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased hyperkalemia occurs as a result of increased aldosterone release.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal dysfunction can lead to leukopenia, especially in patients with impaired renal function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teratogenesis in pregnancy is associated with renal hyperplasia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypotension is contraindicated when systolic blood pressure is below 90 mm Hg.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skin rash is a common side effect associated with the medication class discussed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have no effect on bradykinin metabolism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe renal failure can worsen due to the use of ACE inhibitors by decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of potassium-sparing diuretics is recommended with ACE inhibitors to prevent hyperkalemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACE inhibitors may cause fetal pulmonary hypoplasia during pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutropenia and severe anemia are potential risks associated with the use of ARBs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Initial dosing of ACE inhibitors should be large and taken in the morning to minimize side effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frequent monitoring of kidney function is unnecessary after starting treatment with ACE inhibitors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACE inhibitors can cause bone marrow depression resulting in neutropenia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change contributes to the reduction of myocardial hypertrophy during acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>The prevention of myocyte cell hypertrophy and collagen synthesis contributes to the reduction of myocardial hypertrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the pharmacological agents affect venous return in the context of congestive heart failure?

    <p>They reduce venous return, which decreases preload in congestive heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does resetting of baroreceptors play in the observed effects of these pharmacological agents?

    <p>Resetting of baroreceptors may prevent reflex tachycardia despite decreased blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compensatory mechanism is enhanced that could lead to improved cardiac output in the presence of congestive heart failure?

    <p>Enhanced parasympathetic activity contributes to improved cardiac output in CHF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might there be no significant changes in systemic blood pressure when utilizing these pharmacological agents?

    <p>They may engender minimal changes in systemic blood pressure due to their specific action on peripheral resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cardiac complications are averted by the pharmacological agents as a result of their action on tissue collagen synthesis?

    <p>They prevent complications like ventricular hypertrophy and dense collagen scar formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pharmacological agents contribute to reducing systemic vascular resistance?

    <p>They lower systemic vascular resistance, which aids in decreasing blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reducing both preload and afterload in patients with congestive heart failure?

    <p>The consequence is an increase in cardiac output in congestive heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are ACE inhibitors considered dangerous in severe renal failure or bilateral renal artery stenosis?

    <p>ACE inhibitors decrease angiotensin II, leading to lowered glomerular filtration pressure and exacerbation of renal failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious adverse effects can occur due to the use of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Hyperkalemia and neutropenia are serious adverse effects associated with ACE inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precautions should be taken when initiating ACE inhibitor therapy?

    <p>Start with a small initial dose at bedtime to avoid first dose hypotension and monitor S.creatinine and potassium levels regularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of using ACE inhibitors during pregnancy?

    <p>They can cause fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and growth retardation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) differ from ACE inhibitors?

    <p>ARBs selectively block AT1 receptors without affecting bradykinin metabolism, unlike ACE inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of using potassium-sparing diuretics in combination with ACE inhibitors?

    <p>There is a risk of severe hyperkalemia when combining potassium-sparing diuretics with ACE inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for frequent monitoring of kidney functions in patients on ACE inhibitors?

    <p>ACE inhibitors can significantly alter kidney function, especially in patients with existing renal impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some conditions that may lead to the contraindication of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Conditions such as severe renal failure, pregnancy, and immune disorders may contraindicate the use of ACE inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the pharmacological agents contribute to myocardial remodeling after an acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>They reduce myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, and collagen synthesis, preventing left ventricular hypertrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of reducing systemic vascular resistance in the treatment of congestive heart failure?

    <p>Reducing systemic vascular resistance decreases preload, which in turn alleviates heart strain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the relationship between angiotensin II and tissue collagen synthesis in the context of degenerative changes.

    <p>Angiotensin II stimulates collagen synthesis, leading to degenerative changes; agents that reduce its action mitigate these effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do the agents help in managing hyperreninemic hypertension?

    <p>They act as direct vasodilators, effectively lowering blood pressure by reducing the effects of renin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the agents influence myocardial oxygen demand during instances of high blood pressure.

    <p>By decreasing arterial blood pressure, they reduce myocardial strain and subsequently lower oxygen demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanisms underlie the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy in the context of these pharmacological agents?

    <p>They exert effects by inducing apoptosis and downregulating collagen synthesis, which combats hypertrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reduction of aldosterone release contribute to the treatment goals in heart failure?

    <p>It decreases sodium and water retention, alleviating fluid overload and decreasing preload on the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do the agents have on apoptosis in myocardial cells and why is this relevant?

    <p>They decrease apoptosis in myocardial cells, which is significant for preserving heart tissue and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetic nephropathy, how do mesangial cell changes influence microalbuminuria?

    <p>Mesangial cell apoptosis and collagen synthesis reduction lower microalbuminuria by decreasing renal changes associated with diabetic nephropathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying mechanism leads to the dry cough commonly experienced with ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibition of ACE causes bradykinin accumulation, leading to bronchial irritation and subsequent coughing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential outcomes of angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Angioedema may cause life-threatening swelling of the face, tongue, and throat due to bradykinin accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might ACE inhibitors aggravate proteinuria in patients with renal failure?

    <p>ACE inhibitors can worsen proteinuria by further impairing renal function in patients already experiencing significant renal failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complications arise if bradykinin accumulation continues unchecked in patients on ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Excessive bradykinin can lead to persistent cough, angioedema, and potential bronchospasms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reduction in microalbuminuria relate to the stages of diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Reduced microalbuminuria indicates a slowing of renal damage progression associated with diabetic nephropathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does collagen synthesis play in the context of diabetic nephropathy treatment?

    <p>Reduced collagen synthesis directly contributes to alleviating renal fibrosis and improving kidney function in diabetic nephropathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the phrase 'ACE inhibitors lead to an increase in bradykinin' in terms of therapeutic impact.

    <p>This increase in bradykinin enhances vasodilation but also contributes to side effects like cough and angioedema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do ARBs have over ACE inhibitors regarding Ang-II inhibition?

    <p>ARBs block the AT-1 receptors directly, providing a more complete inhibition of Ang-II action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mechanism of action of aliskiren differ from that of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Aliskiren inhibits renin activity, while ACE inhibitors inhibit the enzyme converting Ang-I to Ang-II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of bradykinin levels in relation to ACE inhibitors?

    <p>ACE inhibitors increase the levels of bradykinins, which can result in cough as a common adverse effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of both aliskiren and ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Both aliskiren and ACE inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia as a side effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how non-ACE enzymes affect the efficacy of ACE inhibitors.

    <p>Non-ACE enzymes, such as cathepsin and chymase, can still convert Ang-I to Ang-II, which limits ACE inhibitors' effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effects are less frequent with ARBs compared to ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Cough and angioedema are less common with ARBs than with ACE inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the inhibition of renin a critical step in managing hypertension?

    <p>Inhibiting renin prevents the formation of Ang-I, thus ultimately decreasing Ang-II levels in the RAAS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What overall impact do ARBs have on the vascular system compared to ACE inhibitors?

    <p>ARBs provide a stronger blockade of the effects of Ang-II by preventing its action at the AT-1 receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharmacological agents primarily decrease BP by reducing peripheral ______

    <p>resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    They increase CO only in the presence of ______ due to reduction of both venous return and systemic BP.

    <p>CHF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The agents prevent myocyte cell hypertrophy and collagen synthesis to reduce ______ complications.

    <p>myocardial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enhanced parasympathetic activity can contribute to the absence of reflex ______.

    <p>tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These agents decrease preload and afterload, which helps in managing ______ failure.

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharmacological actions lead to a reduction in ______ levels, promoting sodium and water retention.

    <p>renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One significant effect of the agents during acute myocardial infarction is the prevention of left ventricular ______.

    <p>hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    They can also decrease myocardial tissue ______ to alleviate degenerative changes.

    <p>collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by the accumulation of _____ leading to proteinuria.

    <p>bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors is a dry _____ due to bradykinin accumulation.

    <p>cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angioedema is an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors that may involve the _____ and throat.

    <p>face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACE inhibitors can aggravate _____ in patients with significant renal failure.

    <p>proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inhibition of ACE leads to the accumulation of bradykinin and _____, causing bronchial irritation.

    <p>PGs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for cough associated with ACE inhibitors typically involves stopping the _____ inhibitors.

    <p>ACE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reducing tissue collagen synthesis alleviates degenerative changes caused by _____ on AT2 receptors.

    <p>Ang-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic nephropathy involves renal changes such as mesangial cell _____ and proliferation.

    <p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temporary loss of taste is referred to as ______ and dysgeusia.

    <p>ageusia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first dose of ACE inhibitors can cause ______ hypotension in sodium depleted patients.

    <p>orthostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy can lead to teratogenic effects such as fetal pulmonary ______ and renal dysfunction.

    <p>hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased serum potassium can occur due to decreased ______ release.

    <p>aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukopenia is especially concerning in patients with impaired renal ______.

    <p>function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sulfhydryl group (-SH) present in captopril may be responsible for immunologic side effects such as angioedema and taste ______.

    <p>changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypotension is a contraindication when systolic blood pressure is less than ______ mm Hg.

    <p>95</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skin ______ is a possible adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors.

    <p>rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In severe renal failure or bilateral renal artery stenosis, the use of ACE inhibitors is dangerous because they decrease ______ levels.

    <p>angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One potential outcome of ACE inhibitor use in pregnancy is ______ hypoplasia.

    <p>fetal pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitoring of ______ levels is critical after initiating ACE inhibitor therapy.

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have no effect on ______ metabolism.

    <p>bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors is the risk of ______.

    <p>hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Initial dosing of ACE inhibitors should be small to avoid ______ hypotension.

    <p>first dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One precaution when using ACE inhibitors is to avoid K+ sparing ______.

    <p>diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACE inhibitors can cause dangerous ______ due to bone marrow depression.

    <p>neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aliskiren is a recently approved drug for treatment of hyperreninemic ______.

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The efficacy and side effects of aliskiren are comparable to ______ and ARBs.

    <p>ACEIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACE inhibitors are less effective because other enzymes rather than ACE can convert Ang-I into ______.

    <p>Ang-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism of ARBs involves blocking of ______ receptors.

    <p>AT-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angioedema is a potential adverse effect associated with ______ inhibitors.

    <p>ACE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of angiotensinogen into Ang-I by renin is the rate limiting step in formation of ______.

    <p>RAAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct renin inhibitors, like aliskiren, inhibit renin activity and consequently the ______.

    <p>RAAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cough due to ACE inhibitors is primarily caused by the increase in ______.

    <p>bradykinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the therapeutic uses of pharmacological agents with their intended outcomes:

    <p>Treat hypertension = Reduce systemic vascular resistance Manage CHF = Decrease preload and afterload Prevent myocardial hypertrophy = Reduce myocardial strain Address tissue degeneration = Minimize collagen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the effects of the agents on cardiac function with their corresponding mechanisms:

    <p>Decrease myocardial hypertrophy = Inhibit cell apoptosis Reduce afterload = Lower arterial blood pressure Prevent remodeling = Reduce collagen synthesis Alleviate congestion = Decrease sodium and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors contributing to hypertensive states with their descriptions:

    <p>Hyperreninemic hypertension = Elevated renin levels Normoreninemic hypertension = Direct vasodilator activity CHF related hypertension = Increased preload Ang-II action on AT1 receptors = Tissue degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the adverse effects observed with pharmacological agents to their physiological implications:

    <p>Myocardial apoptosis = Cell death triggering Cell hypertrophy = Elevated tissue mass Increased collagen synthesis = Tissue stiffness and remodeling Decreased myocardial strain = Improved cardiac efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pharmacological goals in acute myocardial infarction (MI) with their targets:

    <p>Reduce arterial BP = Lower myocardial strain Decrease myocardial hypertension = Prevent remodeling Inhibit tissue remodeling = Limit ventricular hypertrophy Minimize collagen synthesis = Prevent long-term dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pharmacological mechanisms related to heart failure management with their effects:

    <p>Reduction of systemic vascular resistance = Decreased preload Inhibition of aldosterone release = Reduced sodium retention Lower myocardial stress = Enhanced cardiac output Cardiac remodeling prevention = Maintained ventricular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key pharmacological concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Apoptosis = Programmed cell death Hypertrophy = Increase in cell size Collagen synthesis = Production of structural protein Renin = Enzyme regulating blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the conditions causing degenerative changes with their associated effects:

    <p>Ang-II action = Activation of AT1 receptors Increased collagen synthesis = Tissue stiffness Cell apoptosis = Loss of functional cells Cell hypertrophy = Tissue enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacological effects with their corresponding outcomes:

    <p>Decreased blood pressure = Reduced peripheral resistance Increased cardiac output = Improved venous return Prevention of myocardial hypertrophy = Reduced collagen synthesis Decreased myocardial remodeling = Prevented ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular effects with their descriptions:

    <p>No reflex tachycardia = Resetting of baroreceptors Decreased preload = Reduced venous return Increased CO in CHF = Improved systemic BP Reduction of myocardial complications = Prevented scar formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the mechanisms with their related physiological outcomes:

    <p>Enhanced parasympathetic activity = Decreased heart rate Reduced myocardial workload = Improved cardiac efficiency Inhibition of collagen synthesis = Prevention of scarring Decreased systemic vascular resistance = Lowered blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their clinical implications:

    <p>Reduction in myocardial hypertrophy = Improved patient outcomes in CHF Decreased blood pressure = Management of systemic hypertension Increased cardiac output = Enhanced myocardial perfusion Prevention of remodeling = Reduced risk of heart failure progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pharmacological actions with their mechanisms:

    <p>Decreased BP = Enhanced vasodilation Improved CO = Reduced afterload Inhibition of collagen production = Prevented cardiac remodeling Reduced preload = Decreased venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the descriptions of cardiovascular agents with their effects:

    <p>Preventing reflex tachycardia = Baroreceptor resetting Increasing CO only in CHF = Decreased systemic BP Reducing myocardial cellular changes = Prevention of hypertrophy Decreasing myocardial collagen synthesis = Alleviated degenerative changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the physiological actions to their effects during acute myocardial infarction:

    <p>Preventing left ventricular hypertrophy = Reduced myocardial stress Alleviating myocardial remodeling = Prevented acute complications Decreasing preload = Improved hemodynamics Lowering systemic BP = Enhancing myocardial oxygen supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the outcomes of pharmacological interventions with their related conditions:

    <p>Reduction of venous return = Decreased preload in heart failure Inhibition of collagen synthesis = Reduced myocardial scarring Prevention of ventricular hypertrophy = Enhanced survival in CHF Decrease in peripheral resistance = Management of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their respective risks associated with ACE inhibitors:

    <p>Severe renal failure = Aggravation of renal failure Bilateral renal artery stenosis = Decreased GFR Pregnancy = Fetal pulmonary hypoplasia Neutropenia = Bone marrow depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each side effect with the corresponding precaution to take when prescribing ACE inhibitors:

    <p>Hyperkalemia = Avoid K+ sparing diuretics First dose hypotension = Start with a small initial dose Renal impairment = Frequent monitoring of kidney functions Neutropenia = Monitor for signs of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacological effects with their corresponding classes of medications:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Decrease Angiotensin II levels Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) = Block AT1 receptors Both classes = Reduce vascular resistance ARBs = No effect on bradykinin metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the appropriate medication context:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Monitor for potassium levels frequently ARBs = Selective action on Angiotensin II receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications with their effects or management strategies:

    <p>Hyperkalemia = Requires potassium level monitoring Neutropenia = Can cause immune problems First dose hypotension = Manage by taking the initial dose at bedtime Fetal complications = Avoid ACE inhibitors during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of individuals with their relevant contraindications to ACE inhibitors:

    <p>Pregnant women = Fetal developmental issues Patients with renal failure = Risk of increased serum creatinine Patients on immunosuppressive drugs = Potential for neutropenia Patients with hyperkalemia = Dangerous potassium accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacological agents with their specific actions:

    <p>ACE Inhibitors = Increase levels of bradykinins ARBs = Block Angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors Both agents = Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following potential side effects with their respective explanations:

    <p>Severe hyperkalemia = Inhibition of aldosterone activity Angioedema = Mediation through bradykinin accumulation Cough = Related to increased bradykinin levels Neutropenia = Linked to bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacological agents to their primary actions:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Inhibit conversion of Ang-I to Ang-II ARBs = Block AT-1 receptors Direct renin inhibitors = Inhibit renin activity Aliskiren = Treat hyperreninemic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse effects with the corresponding agents:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Cough and angioedema ARBs = Less frequent cough Direct renin inhibitors = Similar side effects to ACE inhibitors Aliskiren = Comparable efficacy and side effects to ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of action to their effects on RAAS:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Reduce VC effect of Ang-II ARBs = Inhibit AT-1 receptor effects Direct renin inhibitors = Block renin activity Aliskiren = Decrease Ang-II levels indirectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements to the corresponding pharmacological agents:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Less efficacy in inhibiting RAAS ARBs = More effective than ACE inhibitors Direct renin inhibitors = Rate limiting step in RAAS Aliskiren = Approved for hypertension management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with the correct pharmacological agent:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Increase bradykinin ARBs = No increase in bradykinin Direct renin inhibitors = Inhibit activation of Ang-I Aliskiren = Influences RAAS mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes to the respective pharmacological agents:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Increased risk of cough ARBs = Lower incidence of angioedema Direct renin inhibitors = Comparable to ACEIs Aliskiren = Regulation of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms to their pharmacological implications:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = VC effect reduction ARBs = AT-1 blockade leading to efficacy Direct renin inhibitors = Impede Ang-I formation Aliskiren = Regulates RAAS activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics to the associated drugs:

    <p>ACE inhibitors = Side effects often include cough ARBs = Typically less troublesome effects Direct renin inhibitors = Mainly targets renin action Aliskiren = Acts before Ang-I formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following side effects of ACE inhibitors with their descriptions:

    <p>Ageusia = Loss of taste sensation Orthostatic hypotension = Drop in blood pressure upon standing Teratogenesis = Fetal developmental malformations Skin rash = Allergic skin reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their potential complications related to ACE inhibitors:

    <p>Pregnancy = Fetal pulmonary hypoplasia Hypovolemia = Elevated risk of first dose hypotension Renal impairment = Leukopenia risk Hyperkalemia = Increased potassium levels due to aldosterone suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacological functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Aldosterone suppression = Reduction of sodium and water retention Angioedema = Severe swelling due to allergic reaction Neutropenia = Decreased neutrophil count in blood Gastrointestinal issues = Nausea or discomfort caused by ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the listed mechanisms with their resulting effects:

    <p>Decreased aldosterone = Lower potassium excretion Capoten -SH group = Immune-mediated side effects Increased bradykinin = Cough as a side effect Initial dose adjustments = Prevention of hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following contraindications of ACE inhibitors with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypertension = Uncontrolled high blood pressure risk Severe renal failure = Risk of worsening renal function Bilateral renal artery stenosis = Risk of acute renal failure Systolic BP under 95 mm Hg = Increased risk of first dose hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse effects of ACE inhibitors with their associated physiological changes:

    <p>Increased potassium levels = Due to decreased aldosterone Skin rash = Immune response mediated by -SH group Ageusia = Dysguesia or altered taste sensations Increased bradykinin = Affects respiratory tract causing cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical presentations with their corresponding risk factors:

    <p>Hypotension = Starting dosages without gradual increase Leukopenia = Presence of impaired renal function Hyperkalemia = Likely in patients on potassium-sparing diuretics Teratogenic effects = Use in pregnant patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical concerns with their relevant management strategies:

    <p>First dose hypotension = Start at a low dose and titrate slowly Angioedema = Immediate discontinuation of the ACE inhibitor Hyperkalemia = Monitor potassium levels regularly Pregnancy risks = Avoidance of ACE inhibitors during planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Pharmacological Effects

    • Decrease blood pressure (BP) primarily by reducing peripheral resistance without causing reflex tachycardia or changes in cardiac output (CO).
    • Enhanced parasympathetic activity or resetting of baroreceptors may contribute to effects.
    • Increase CO in the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) by decreasing venous return (preload) and systemic BP (afterload).
    • Mitigate myocardial changes associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by preventing myocyte hypertrophy and collagen synthesis, which reduces cardiac remodeling.
    • Decrease apoptosis, cell hypertrophy, and collagen synthesis, minimizing degenerative changes induced by Angiotensin II (Ang-II) at AT1 receptors.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Systemic Hypertension: Effective in both hyperreninemic and normoreninemic hypertension, functioning as direct vasodilators.
    • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Reduce afterload and preload by decreasing systemic vascular resistance and aldosterone release, leading to decreased sodium and water retention; also decrease myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling post-AMI.
    • Diabetic Nephropathy: Diminish renal changes associated with diabetic nephropathy, including mesangial apoptosis and proliferation, which reduces microalbuminuria (if renal impairment is not severe).

    Adverse Effects

    • Dry Cough: Most common side effect, due to ACE inhibition leading to elevated bradykinin and prostaglandins, causing bronchial irritation; resolves after discontinuing ACE inhibitors.
    • Angioedema: Potentially life-threatening edema of the face, tongue, and throat caused by bradykinin accumulation or immune response.
    • Aggravation of Proteinuria: Risks in patients with significant renal failure; ACE inhibitors reduce Ang-II and diminish efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, leading to decreased glomerular filtration pressure and GFR.
    • Hyperkalemia and Neutropenia: Severe renal failure or bilateral renal artery stenosis increases risk of dangerous hyperkalemia and may cause neutropenia.
    • Pregnancy Risks: Use may lead to fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and growth retardation; overall safety during pregnancy is a concern.

    Precautions

    • Start at a low dose in the evening to prevent first-dose hypotension.
    • Monitor kidney function (serum creatinine) and potassium levels one week after starting treatment, then every three months.
    • Avoid concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics to prevent severe hyperkalemia.

    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • Selectively block AT1 receptors, exhibiting pharmacological effects similar to ACE inhibitors but without impacting bradykinin metabolism.
    • More effective at inhibiting Ang-II action than ACE inhibitors, as non-ACE enzymes can convert Ang-I into Ang-II.
    • Similar adverse effects and precautions as ACE inhibitors; however, cough and angioedema incidence is lower.

    Direct Renin Inhibitors: Aliskiren

    • Inhibits the activity of renin, the rate-limiting step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), effectively treating hyperreninemic hypertension.
    • Efficacy and side effects are comparable to those of ACE inhibitors and ARBs.

    Pharmacological Effects of ACE Inhibitors and ARBs

    • ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure (BP) primarily by decreasing peripheral resistance, without causing reflex tachycardia.
    • They may reset baroreceptors or enhance parasympathetic activity, preventing changes in cardiac output (CO).
    • Increased CO occurs in the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) due to reduced venous return (preload) and systemic BP (afterload).
    • ACE inhibitors mitigate myocardial damage post-myocardial infarction by preventing hypertrophy of myocytes and collagen synthesis, thus avoiding cardiac remodeling.
    • They reduce apoptosis, cell hypertrophy, and tissue collagen synthesis, counteracting degenerative changes from Angiotensin II (Ang-II) at AT1 receptors.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Systemic Hypertension: Effective in treating hyperreninemic and normoreninemic hypertension as direct vasodilators.
    • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Decrease left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy and dilatation while reducing afterload and preload through decreased vascular resistance and aldosterone release.
    • Diabetic Nephropathy & Microalbuminuria: Improve renal condition complicating diabetic nephropathy by reducing renal changes and microalbuminuria, provided renal impairment is not severe.

    Adverse Effects

    • Dry Cough: Common side effect caused by ACE inhibition leading to bradykinin accumulation; resolves upon discontinuation.
    • Angioedema: Swelling of face, tongue, and throat from bradykinin buildup or immune reactions; potentially life-threatening.
    • Proteinuria Aggravation: May worsen in patients with significant renal failure.
    • Taste Changes: Temporary loss of taste (ageusia, dysgeusia).
    • Orthostatic Hypotension: Risk of first-dose hypotension, particularly in patients with sodium depletion; initiation should be cautious.
    • Teratogenesis: Risk of fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and renal dysfunction if used during pregnancy.
    • Rash and Hyperkalemia: Skin rashes or elevated potassium levels due to reduced aldosterone release.
    • Leukopenia: Especially in patients with renal impairment, potentially exacerbated by the sulfhydryl group in captopril.

    Contraindications

    • Hypotension: Avoid ACE inhibitors if systolic BP is below 95 mm Hg.
    • Severe Renal Failure: Not advisable with creatinine levels above 3 mg/dL or in cases of bilateral renal artery stenosis due to potential for worsening renal function.
    • Pregnancy and Lactation: Use may lead to fetal complications or risks of hyperkalemia and neutropenia.

    Precautions

    • Start treatment with a low dose at bedtime to prevent initial hypotension.
    • Monitor kidney function (serum creatinine) and potassium levels one week after initiating treatment, then every three months.
    • Avoid combining with potassium-sparing diuretics to prevent severe hyperkalemia.

    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • Selectively block AT1 receptors, exerting pharmacological effects similar to ACE inhibitors without impacting bradykinin metabolism.
    • Examples include Losartan, Valsartan, Candesartan, and Telmisartan.

    Cardiovascular Pharmacological Effects

    • Decrease blood pressure (BP) primarily by reducing peripheral resistance without causing reflex tachycardia or changes in cardiac output (CO).
    • Enhanced parasympathetic activity or resetting of baroreceptors may contribute to effects.
    • Increase CO in the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) by decreasing venous return (preload) and systemic BP (afterload).
    • Mitigate myocardial changes associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by preventing myocyte hypertrophy and collagen synthesis, which reduces cardiac remodeling.
    • Decrease apoptosis, cell hypertrophy, and collagen synthesis, minimizing degenerative changes induced by Angiotensin II (Ang-II) at AT1 receptors.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Systemic Hypertension: Effective in both hyperreninemic and normoreninemic hypertension, functioning as direct vasodilators.
    • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Reduce afterload and preload by decreasing systemic vascular resistance and aldosterone release, leading to decreased sodium and water retention; also decrease myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling post-AMI.
    • Diabetic Nephropathy: Diminish renal changes associated with diabetic nephropathy, including mesangial apoptosis and proliferation, which reduces microalbuminuria (if renal impairment is not severe).

    Adverse Effects

    • Dry Cough: Most common side effect, due to ACE inhibition leading to elevated bradykinin and prostaglandins, causing bronchial irritation; resolves after discontinuing ACE inhibitors.
    • Angioedema: Potentially life-threatening edema of the face, tongue, and throat caused by bradykinin accumulation or immune response.
    • Aggravation of Proteinuria: Risks in patients with significant renal failure; ACE inhibitors reduce Ang-II and diminish efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, leading to decreased glomerular filtration pressure and GFR.
    • Hyperkalemia and Neutropenia: Severe renal failure or bilateral renal artery stenosis increases risk of dangerous hyperkalemia and may cause neutropenia.
    • Pregnancy Risks: Use may lead to fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and growth retardation; overall safety during pregnancy is a concern.

    Precautions

    • Start at a low dose in the evening to prevent first-dose hypotension.
    • Monitor kidney function (serum creatinine) and potassium levels one week after starting treatment, then every three months.
    • Avoid concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics to prevent severe hyperkalemia.

    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • Selectively block AT1 receptors, exhibiting pharmacological effects similar to ACE inhibitors but without impacting bradykinin metabolism.
    • More effective at inhibiting Ang-II action than ACE inhibitors, as non-ACE enzymes can convert Ang-I into Ang-II.
    • Similar adverse effects and precautions as ACE inhibitors; however, cough and angioedema incidence is lower.

    Direct Renin Inhibitors: Aliskiren

    • Inhibits the activity of renin, the rate-limiting step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), effectively treating hyperreninemic hypertension.
    • Efficacy and side effects are comparable to those of ACE inhibitors and ARBs.

    Cardiovascular Pharmacological Effects

    • Antihypertensive agents reduce blood pressure mainly by lowering peripheral resistance without causing significant reflex tachycardia or changes in cardiac output.
    • Under certain conditions like congestive heart failure, these agents can increase cardiac output by reducing venous return (preload) and systemic blood pressure (afterload).
    • They prevent myocardial remodeling associated with acute myocardial infarction by inhibiting hypertrophy and collagen synthesis, thereby mitigating ventricular hypertrophy and dense collagen scars.
    • For diabetic nephropathy, they help reduce renal complications such as mesangial cell apoptosis, proliferation, and collagen synthesis, which decreases microalbuminuria.

    Adverse Effects

    • Dry Cough: Common side effect due to ACE inhibition causing bradykinin and prostaglandin accumulation. Resolution occurs after stopping medication.
    • Angioedema: Swelling of the face, tongue, and throat, potentially life-threatening, related to bradykinin accumulation or immune reaction.
    • Proteinuria: Can worsen in patients with significant renal failure when using these medications.
    • Taste Changes: Temporary loss of taste (ageusia and dysgeusia) may occur in some patients.
    • Orthostatic Hypotension: Especially in sodium-depleted individuals, first-dose hypotension can be prevented by initiating treatment with small doses at bedtime.
    • Pregnancy Risks: Notable teratogenic effects include fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and renal dysfunction.
    • Skin Rash: Possible adverse reaction involving dermatological changes.
    • Hyperkalemia: Increased potassium levels due to decreased aldosterone secretion.
    • Leukopenia: Low white blood cell count, particularly in patients with impaired renal function.

    Contraindications

    • Use is contraindicated in patients with systolic blood pressure less than 95 mm Hg, severe renal failure, or bilateral renal artery stenosis, as it can worsen renal function by reducing glomerular filtration pressure.
    • Pregnancy and lactation are contraindications due to potential fetal harm.
    • Caution required with existing hyperkalemia, neutropenia, or bone marrow depression.

    Precautions

    • Start treatment with small initial doses at bedtime to prevent first-dose hypotension.
    • Monitor renal function (serum creatinine) and potassium levels regularly after initiating therapy and periodically thereafter.
    • Avoid potassium-sparing diuretics to prevent severe hyperkalemia.

    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • Selectively block AT1 receptors, achieving similar pharmacological effects as ACE inhibitors but without impacting bradykinin metabolism.
    • Provide a more comprehensive inhibition of Angiotensin II effects due to the presence of alternative enzymes converting Ang-I into Ang-II.

    Direct Renin Inhibitors: Aliskiren

    • Aliskiren inhibits renin activity, the rate-limiting step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and is effective against hyperreninemic hypertension.
    • Its efficacy and side effects are closely related to those of ACE inhibitors and ARBs.

    Pharmacological Effects on the Cardiovascular System (CVS)

    • ↓ Blood Pressure (BP) primarily via decreased peripheral resistance, with minimal reflex tachycardia or changes in cardiac output (COP).
    • BP reduction may result from baroreceptor resetting or enhanced parasympathetic activity.
    • ↑ Cardiac Output (CO) observed in congestive heart failure (CHF) due to decreased venous return (preload) and systemic BP (afterload).
    • ↓ Myocardial changes during acute myocardial infarction, preventing cell hypertrophy and collagen synthesis to mitigate cardiac remodeling.
    • Decreased apoptosis, cell hypertrophy, and tissue collagen synthesis, reducing degenerative changes from Ang-II action on AT1 receptors.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Systemic hypertension, including:
      • Hyperreninemic hypertension.
      • Normoreninemic hypertension due to direct vasodilation (VD).
    • CHF treatment aims to reduce both afterload and preload, decreasing systemic vascular resistance and aldosterone release (lowering Na and H2O retention).
    • Prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling post-acute myocardial infarction, lowering arterial BP and myocardial strain.

    Side Effects

    • Temporary loss of taste (ageusia and dysgeusia).
    • Orthostatic hypotension, particularly in sodium-depleted (hypovolemic) patients; preventive measures include starting with a small bedtime dose.
    • Teratogenic effects such as fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and renal dysfunction.
    • Skin rash and increased hyperkalemia due to reduced aldosterone levels.
    • Leukopenia, particularly in patients with impaired renal function; the -SH group in captopril may cause immunological side effects (angioedema, taste changes, skin rash).

    Contraindications

    • Hypotension with systolic BP < 95 mm Hg is a critical contraindication.
    • Severe renal failure or bilateral renal artery stenosis (SCr > 3 mg/dL) can lead to worsened renal failure due to decreased glomerular filtration pressure.
    • Risk of dangerous hyperkalemia and neutropenia.
    • Use in pregnancy and lactation is contraindicated due to risks of fetal complications.

    Precautions

    • Initiate treatment with small doses at bedtime to mitigate first-dose hypotension.
    • Monitor kidney function (serum creatinine) and potassium levels closely for the first week, then every three months.
    • Avoid potassium-sparing diuretics to prevent severe hyperkalemia.

    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • Selectively block AT1 receptors, sharing pharmacological effects with ACE inhibitors but without affecting bradykinin metabolism.
    • More complete Ang-II action inhibition because non-ACE enzymes (cathepsin, chymase) can produce Ang-II.
    • Adverse effects and contraindications are similar to ACE inhibitors but present less frequently, especially cough and angioedema.

    Comparison: ACE Inhibitors vs. ARBs

    • Class: ACE Inhibitor vs. Angiotensin Receptor Blocker.
    • Mechanism: Inhibits ACE reducing vasoconstriction effect of Ang-II vs. blocking AT-1 receptors leading to decreased vasoconstriction.
    • Efficacy: ARBs generally more effective due to direct blockage of AT-1 receptors; ACEI efficacy may vary due to alternative pathways producing Ang-II.

    Direct Renin Inhibitor: Aliskiren

    • Rate-limiting step in RAAS formation is angiotensinogen activation by renin.
    • Aliskiren inhibits renin activity, approved for treating hyperreninemic hypertension, with efficacy and side effects comparable to ACE inhibitors and ARBs.

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    Pharmacological Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs PDF

    Description

    Explore the pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular system, particularly in relation to blood pressure and cardiac output. Learn how certain medications can decrease peripheral resistance without affecting heart rate, and their implications in conditions like congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction.

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