Cardiovascular pharmacology

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via which blood vessel?

What is the primary role of the cardiovascular system in relation to nutrients and waste?

Myocardial infarction (MI) is primarily caused by:

What is the term for a significant reduction of oxygen supply to the heart muscle?

Which of the following is a classic sign of myocardial infarction (MI)?

Besides cardiovascular issues, chest pain can also be caused by:

Blood pressure (BP) is mathematically defined as the product of which two physiological variables?

What is the primary consequence of elevated peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) on cardiac function?

Which of the following best describes the physiological effect of a medication that reduces preload?

Which physiological condition is NOT identified as a potential cause of hypertension?

Chronic hypertension can significantly impair the function of which organ system in removing excess fluid from the body?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors primarily reduce blood pressure by targeting which physiological pathway?

What is the primary function of chemoreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

How does the renin-angiotensin system contribute to an increase in blood pressure?

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) lower blood pressure through a mechanism most similar to which other class of antihypertensive medications?

Beta-adrenergic blockers primarily reduce blood pressure by counteracting which physiological response?

Which mechanism of action is characteristic of diuretic medications in lowering blood pressure?

Thiazide diuretics primarily exert their diuretic effect at which location in the nephron?

Potassium-sparing diuretics are distinguished from thiazide and loop diuretics by their ability to minimize the excretion of which crucial electrolyte?

Loop diuretics are considered the most potent class of diuretics due to their site of action in which part of the nephron?

Why is potassium supplementation often prescribed in conjunction with thiazide and loop diuretics?

What is the typical location for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for DVT?

Besides anticoagulants, what other intervention may physicians prescribe to prevent DVT?

Why must patients taking anticoagulants have their blood monitored?

What risk do patients on anticoagulants face if they experience a break in the skin?

What is the primary function of antiplatelet medications?

Which over-the-counter medication is potent in interfering with clotting?

What is aspirin's role in heart attack management?

What dietary advice should be given to patients on anticoagulants?

Which of these signs might indicate abnormal bleeding in a patient on anticoagulants?

What are two other types of antiplatelet medications aside from Aspirin?

How do ADP receptor blockers work?

When are glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors typically administered?

Why are geriatric patients more vulnerable to bleeding complications?

What is a thrombus?

What are some common atypical symptoms of heart attacks in women?

What is the primary cause of a stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

What is the underlying cause of both myocardial infarctions (MIs) and CVAs?

Which medication is used to increase heart rate?

What is the purpose of administering a diuretic like furosemide (Lasix) to a patient with heart problems?

What is the primary mechanism by which antianginal drugs relieve chest pain?

How should a patient typically administer sublingual nitroglycerin for angina?

What is the purpose of a transdermal nitroglycerin patch?

What type of medication might be effective for chest pain caused by skeletal muscle problems rather than heart issues?

What is the primary role of anticoagulant medications?

How does warfarin (Coumadin) prevent blood clotting?

Which anticoagulant medication is administered via subcutaneous injection?

How do heparin and enoxaparin (Lovenox) work to prevent blood clots?

What is the meaning of the medical term "hyperlipidemia"?

What does the term "cardiomyopathy" refer to?

Which of the following is a common side effect of diuretics in heart failure patients?

How do calcium channel blockers affect blood pressure?

Which medication is NOT typically used to treat hypertension?

What is a primary cause of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of CHF?

Besides medication, what lifestyle change can help manage CHF symptoms?

How do vasodilators impact the heart?

What is the primary effect of cardiac glycosides on the heart?

Why is combining cardiac glycosides with other drugs that relax peripheral vessels beneficial?

Which plant is a source of digoxin?

What is a sign of digoxin toxicity?

What is a potential cause of dysrhythmias?

Which class of drugs helps decrease the pressure the heart has to exert to pump blood?

What is the role of calcium in blood pressure regulation?

Which of the following is NOT a non-pharmacological method for lowering blood pressure?

What is the primary purpose of Richard's antiembolic stockings and medication therapy following his pulmonary embolism?

What is the key benefit of administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 60 minutes of CVA symptom onset?

What is the principal risk associated with thrombolytic therapy?

Under what condition are thrombolytics NOT suitable to clear blocked IV catheters or cannulas?

What are the three most common tests used to monitor anticoagulant, antiplatelet, or thrombolytic therapy?

Which blood test is primarily used to evaluate the effectiveness of heparin therapy?

What is the role of antifibrinolytic medications?

Why are antifibrinolytic medications sometimes used to treat heavy menstrual bleeding?

What is the mechanism of action of antifibrinolytic medications?

Which medication acts as an antidote for anticoagulant overdose?

What is the specific use of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) in bleeding disorders?

What is the primary function of hematopoietic stimulant medications?

What specific type of anemia does ferrous sulfate treat?

Why is injectable vitamin B12 usually administered to patients with pernicious anemia?

What three factors interact to create blood pressure?

Before taking digoxin, a patient's pulse should be checked. If the pulse is below what rate should the medication be withheld and the prescriber contacted?

Which substances can decrease digoxin levels in the body and should be avoided?

What is the recommended duration for checking a patient's pulse to accurately assess for dysrhythmias?

How do Class I antiarrhythmics (sodium channel blockers) work?

What is a key role of potassium in the body, specifically relevant to cardiac function?

Which class of antiarrhythmics is often prescribed to patients with internal defibrillators who are at high risk for sudden cardiac arrest?

Why might a patient taking diuretics need potassium supplements?

Which of the following is a primary effect of calcium channel blockers in treating arrhythmias?

Barbara is experiencing heart arrhythmias after starting a diuretic. What is the likely connection?

What is the primary target of treatment for shock?

Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of shock?

What type of drug is dobutamine (Dobutrex), used in shock treatment?

What is the primary treatment for anaphylactic shock?

What is the purpose of using plasma expanders like albumin human (Albutein) in hypovolemic shock?

What is the underlying cause of septic shock?

Which class of medications is contraindicated in patients with severe anemia, glaucoma, or intracranial pressure?

A patient with a history of uncontrolled bleeding should avoid which medication class?

Which class of drugs is used to dissolve blood clots in patients experiencing stroke symptoms or clotted central venous devices?

Which medication class can cause stained teeth as a side effect?

Which side effect is common to both bile acid sequestrants and fibric acid derivatives?

If a patient is taking warfarin, which medication should be avoided due to a potential interaction?

What is a potential interaction between ACE inhibitors and diuretics?

Which drug class is used to treat bleeding caused by conditions like aplastic anemia and cirrhosis of the liver?

Which medication is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity, severe aortic or pulmonic valvular disease?

Which medication class is used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and can cause gallstones with prolonged use?

Which drug is used for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias but can have pulmonary toxicity as a side effect?

Which class of medications is used to treat angina, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias, but should be used cautiously in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Which medication is contraindicated in patients with active bleeding, recent intracranial or intraspinal surgery, or intracranial neoplasm?

Which drug class is used to treat anemia but should be used cautiously in primary hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis conditions?

Which drug class is used to treat hypertension and can cause dizziness, upper respiratory tract infection, and palpitations as side effects?

Which type of lipoprotein is considered the most harmful due to its ability to lodge within blood vessel walls?

What is the primary mechanism of action of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)?

Which medication is prescribed to decrease lipid levels specifically by increasing the liver's production of bile acids from cholesterol?

What is the primary function of fibric acid derivatives in managing lipidemia?

Why is routine liver function testing necessary for patients taking lipid-lowering medications?

If lifestyle changes and statin therapy are insufficient to lower a patient's very high cholesterol, which class of medication might be added?

Despite being prescribed Lipitor, why should Henry still consider lifestyle changes?

What role do HDLs play in managing hyperlipidemia?

How can nonpharmacological approaches, like those in Fast Tip 16.4, contribute to managing lipidemia?

What underlying factor can contribute to elevated lipid levels, regardless of lifestyle choices?

What is the primary target of bile acid sequestrants in treating lipidemia?

Which cardiovascular issue can be exacerbated by hypertension if left untreated?

What is the primary concern related to 'plugged vessels' as mentioned in the text?

How does hyperlipidemia contribute to cardiovascular problems?

Why is patient education important when prescribing medications for cardiovascular disorders?