Cardiovascular Pathology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of atherosclerosis?

Buildup of plaque in arterial walls.

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

Arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.

What happens during congestive heart failure?

Heart's inability to pump sufficient blood.

Define dysrhythmias.

<p>Abnormal heart rhythms affecting function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expand PAD

<p>Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is the narrowing of peripheral arteries reducing blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pulmonary circulation?

<p>Blood flow from the heart to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of systemic circulation.

<p>Blood flow from heart to body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of blood pressure dysregulation?

<p>Abnormal blood pressure levels impacting health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are valvular disorders?

<p>Malfunction of heart valves affecting blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Diastole?

<p>Phase when heart relaxes and fills with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Systole?

<p>Phase when heart contracts and pumps blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the origins of heart sounds?

<p>Sounds produced by closure of heart valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node.

<p>Heart's natural pacemaker initiating heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the function of the Atrioventricular (AV) Node.

<p>Delays electrical impulses between atria and ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an Electrocardiogram (ECG) show?

<p>Recording of electrical activity of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P Wave represent in an ECG?

<p>Represents atrial depolarization in ECG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the QRS Wave.

<p>Represents ventricular depolarization in ECG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Pericardium.

<p>Fibrous sac enclosing the heart for protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cardiac Control Center?

<p>Regulates heart function from the medulla oblongata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Heart Valves?

<p>Structures ensuring unidirectional blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Coronary Circulation.

<p>Blood flow to the heart muscle itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Heart Rate (HR)?

<p>Frequency of heartbeats per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'Force of Contraction'

<p>Strength of heart muscle contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Sympathetic Nerves on the body?

<p>Nerves that increase heart rate and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Parasympathetic Nerves affect the heart?

<p>Nerves that decrease heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Baroreceptors detect?

<p>Sensors detecting blood pressure changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Medulla Oblongata play?

<p>Brain region regulating cardiovascular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Tachycardia'

<p>Increased heart rate above normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Bradycardia?

<p>Decreased heart rate below normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of Afterload?

<p>Resistance against which the heart pumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write out the CO formula.

<p>CO = SV × HR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Normal CO Range?

<p>4-6 liters of blood per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Systolic Pressure?

<p>Pressure during heart contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of Blood Pressure (BP)?

<p>Pressure exerted by circulating blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Peripheral Resistance'

<p>Resistance of blood vessels to blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Antidiuretic Hormone impact blood pressure?

<p>Hormone increasing blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Aldosterone affect blood pressure?

<p>Hormone increasing blood volume and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Capillaries?

<p>Microscopic vessels for nutrient and waste exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Venous System affect the heart?

<p>Low pressure system returning blood to heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Auscultation?

<p>Listening for heart murmurs using a stethoscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Electrocardiography (ECG) monitor?

<p>Monitors heart rhythms and detects abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does Echocardiography provide?

<p>Ultrasound to visualize heart structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information do Exercise stress tests provide?

<p>Evaluates cardiovascular fitness under physical stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of plaque in arterial walls.

Coronary Arteries

Arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.

Congestive Heart Failure

Heart's inability to pump sufficient blood.

Dysrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms affecting function.

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Narrowing of peripheral arteries reducing blood flow.

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Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Heart's natural pacemaker initiating heartbeat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Recording of electrical activity of the heart.

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Tachycardia

Increased heart rate above normal.

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Bradycardia

Decreased heart rate below normal.

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Cardiac Output (CO)

Volume of blood pumped per minute.

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Blood Pressure (BP)

Pressure exerted by circulating blood.

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Antidiuretic Hormone

Hormone increasing blood pressure.

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Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack caused by artery obstruction.

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Angina Pectoris

Chest pain due to oxygen deficit in heart.

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Cardiac Tamponade

Fluid accumulation in pericardial space affecting heart function.

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Stroke Volume (SV)

Blood volume ejected per heartbeat.

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Valvular Disorders

Malfunction of heart valves affecting blood flow.

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Diastole

Phase when heart relaxes and fills with blood.

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Systole

Phase when heart contracts and pumps blood.

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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Transports cholesterol from liver to cells.

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High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Transports cholesterol to liver; considered 'good'.

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Cholesterol-lowering drugs

Reduce low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol levels.

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Regular exercise program

Enhances cardiovascular health and reduces stress.

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Cessation of smoking

Reduces coronary disease risk and improves circulation.

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Heart Rate (HR)

Frequency of heartbeats per minute.

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Medulla Oblongata

Brain region regulating cardiovascular functions.

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Warning signs of heart attack

Symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath.

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Diabetes mellitus

Chronic condition affecting blood sugar levels.

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Auscultation

Listening for heart murmurs using a stethoscope.

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Cardiogenic Shock

Severe condition where heart fails to pump effectively.

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Oxygen Therapy

Supplemental oxygen to improve blood oxygen levels.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular Pathology

  • Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup in arterial walls.
  • Coronary Arteries: Supply blood to the heart muscle.
  • Congestive Heart Failure: Inability of the heart to pump enough blood.
  • Dysrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms.
  • Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Narrowing of peripheral arteries, reducing blood flow.
  • Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flow from the heart to the lungs.
  • Systemic Circulation: Blood flow from the heart to the body.
  • Blood Pressure Dysregulation: Abnormal blood pressure levels.
  • Valvular Disorders: Malfunction of heart valves affecting blood flow.
  • Diastole: Heart relaxation and filling phase.
  • Systole: Heart contraction and pumping phase.
  • Heart Sounds: Sounds created by valve closures.
  • Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Heart's natural pacemaker.
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Delays electrical impulses between atria and ventricles.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): Records the heart's electrical activity.
  • P Wave: Represents atrial depolarization.
  • QRS Wave: Represents ventricular depolarization.
  • T Wave: Represents ventricular repolarization.
  • Pericardium: Protective sac surrounding the heart.
  • Myocardium: Muscular layer of the heart walls.
  • Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart chambers.
  • Cardiac Control Center: Regulates heart function (in the medulla oblongata).
  • Heart Valves: Ensure one-way blood flow.
  • Coronary Circulation: Blood flow to the heart muscle.
  • Heart Rate (HR): Heartbeats per minute.
  • Force of Contraction: Strength of heart muscle contractions.
  • Sympathetic Nerves: Increase heart rate and blood pressure.
  • Parasympathetic Nerves: Decrease heart rate.
  • Baroreceptors: Detect blood pressure changes.
  • Medulla Oblongata: Regulates cardiovascular functions.
  • Tachycardia: Increased heart rate.
  • Bradycardia: Decreased heart rate.
  • Cardiac Output (CO): Volume of blood pumped per minute.
  • Stroke Volume (SV): Blood volume ejected per heartbeat.
  • Afterload: Resistance against which the heart pumps.
  • Preload: Blood volume in ventricles before contraction.
  • CO Formula: CO = SV × HR.
  • Normal CO Range: 4-6 liters/minute.
  • Systolic Pressure: Pressure during heart contraction.
  • Diastolic Pressure: Pressure during heart relaxation.
  • Blood Pressure (BP): Pressure exerted by blood.
  • Peripheral Resistance: Blood vessel resistance to flow.
  • Antidiuretic Hormone: Increases blood pressure.
  • Aldosterone: Increases blood volume and pressure.
  • Capillaries: Tiny vessels for nutrient and waste exchange.
  • Venous System: Low-pressure system returning blood to the heart.
  • Auscultation: Listening for heart sounds with a stethoscope.
  • Electrocardiography (ECG): Monitors heart rhythms, detects abnormalities.
  • Echocardiography: Ultrasound to visualize heart structure and function.
  • Exercise stress tests: Evaluates cardiovascular health under stress.
  • Chest x-rays: Shows heart shape and size abnormalities.
  • Cardiac catheterization: Measures heart pressures and valve function.
  • Angiography: Visualizes coronary blood flow.
  • Doppler studies: Assesses peripheral blood flow.
  • Blood tests: Measure lipid and electrolyte levels.
  • Arterial blood gas determination: Checks oxygen levels and acid-base balance.
  • Antihypertensive drugs: Lower blood pressure.
  • Vasodilators: Reduce blood vessel resistance.
  • Beta blockers: Manage hypertension, angina.
  • Calcium channel blockers: Decrease heart contractility, manage hypertension.
  • Digoxin: Treats heart failure and atrial dysrhythmias.
  • Diuretics: Eliminate excess sodium and water.
  • Anticoagulants: Prevent blood clots.
  • Cholesterol-lowering drugs: Reduce LDL and cholesterol.
  • Dietary modifications: Improve heart health.
  • Cessation of smoking: Reduces cardiovascular disease risk.
  • Regular exercise: Enhances cardiovascular health.
  • Arteriosclerosis: General term for arterial wall hardening.
  • Atheromas: Plaques of lipids, calcium, and clots.
  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): Transports cholesterol from liver to cells.
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): Transports cholesterol to the liver (“good”).
  • Non-modifiable risk factors: Factors like age and genetics.
  • Modifiable risk factors: Lifestyle choices (e.g., diet, exercise).
  • Obesity: Excess body fat.
  • Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity.
  • Cigarette smoking: Increases cardiovascular disease risk.
  • Diabetes mellitus: Chronic condition affecting blood sugar.
  • Hypertension: High blood pressure.
  • Angina Pectoris: Chest pain due to oxygen deficit.
  • Classic angina: Chest pain during exertion.
  • Variant angina: Chest pain due to vasospasm.
  • Unstable angina: Prolonged chest pain, possible infarction precursor. -Nitroglycerin (NTG): Vasodilator, reduces heart's oxygen demand.
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart attack due to artery obstruction.
  • Thrombus: Blood clot.
  • ECG changes: Diagnoses heart's electrical activity.
  • Serum enzyme levels: Indicate heart muscle damage.
  • Scar tissue: Forms after heart muscle damage.
  • Warning signs of heart attack: Pain, shortness of breath, etc. -Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart tissue death.
  • Thromboembolism: Blood clot causing blockage.
  • Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): Stroke.
  • Dysrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats.
  • Sudden Death: Unexpected death.
  • Cardiogenic Shock: Severe heart failure.
  • Rupture of Necrotic Heart Tissue: Tear in dead tissue.
  • Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid accumulation in pericardial space.
  • Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen.
  • Analgesics: Pain relief medications.

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Description

This quiz covers key topics in cardiovascular pathology, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery function, and heart failure. Explore essential concepts like blood pressure regulation, heart rhythms, and the roles of heart valves. Test your understanding of cardiovascular health and its impact on overall well-being.

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