Questions and Answers
What is the primary concern when using ACEs and ARBs?
What is the combination medication Entresto used to treat?
Which diuretic is commonly used to treat pulmonary edema in patients who are struggling to breathe?
What is the top issue associated with the use of furosemide?
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What is the complication of taking digoxin with a diuretic, especially one that lowers potassium levels?
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What is the name of the potassium-sparing diuretic?
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What is the calculation required to determine the volume of bumetanide to administer via IV push?
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What is a common side effect of thiazide diuretics?
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What is the main purpose of blocking the RAAS system in hypertension treatment?
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What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
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Which medication would NOT need to be held for a client with a potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L?
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What is the mechanism of action of -glutides in the treatment of diabetes?
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What is a risk associated with the use of -glutides and -gliptins?
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Which suffix is associated with ACE inhibitors?
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What is the effect of vasodilation on blood pressure?
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Why is it important to know about the RAAS system in hypertension treatment?
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Which medication is known for its vasodilating properties and primarily acts on the body system related to peripheral arterial resistance?
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Which of the following medications primarily serves as a vasodilator due to its mechanism of action on angiotensin II receptors?
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What is the mechanism of action of Lisinopril in terms of its effect on the body system?
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Which medication among the following is classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic and can also result in vasodilation?
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Which beta-blocker specifically allows for vasodilation and is noted for its additional effects in congestive heart failure?
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What should patients taking Terazosin be cautioned about regarding its effects as a vasodilator?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the unique property of Amlodipine as a vasodilator?
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Which of the following anti-hypertensive medications is most likely to cause a feeling of dry mouth as a side effect?
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Study Notes
Cardio Drugs and Grapefruit Interaction
- Statins and amiodarone are cardio drugs that show a dangerous increased effect when taken with grapefruit.
Anti-Hypertensive Medications
- Clonidine works on the central nervous system.
- Metoprolol is a beta blocker that works on the cardiac system and is a vasodilator.
- Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic that works on the renal system.
- Hydralazine is a vasodilator that works on the peripheral nervous system.
- Losartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker that works on the renal system.
- Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor that works on the renal system.
- Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works on the renal system.
- Terazosin is an alpha blocker that works on the peripheral nervous system.
- Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that works on the peripheral nervous system.
Beta Blockers
- Beta 1 (B1) blocking is cardiac-specific, while beta 2 (B2) blocking is bronchial-specific.
- Carvedilol, metoprolol, and timolol are examples of beta blockers.
- Beta blockers mask hypoglycemia tachycardia.
Clonidine
- Clonidine is used to treat high blood pressure and ADHD.
- Common side effects of clonidine include dry mouth, drowsiness, and tachycardia.
ACE Inhibitors and ARBs
- ACE inhibitors and ARBs are high-risk medications for the elderly (Beers).
- Priority side effect of ACEs and ARBs is angioedema, which can cause breathing difficulties.
- Entresto is a combination medication used to treat heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Diuretics
- Diuretics are used to treat pulmonary edema, a common exacerbation of heart failure.
- Furosemide is a loop diuretic that can cause hypokalemia, decreased blood pressure, and ototoxicity.
- Bumetanide is a loop diuretic that is used to treat pulmonary edema.
- Thiazide diuretics, such as HCTZ and chlorthalidone, can cause increased sensitivity to sunlight.
- Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic.
Hormones and Diabetes
- Incretin and amylin are hormones that need to be blocked in the treatment of diabetes.
- The -gliptins, such as sitagliptin, work through the gut and have unique side effects, including joint pain and pancreatitis.
- The -glutides, such as exenatide, work like incretin and have side effects, including pancreatitis, thyroid risk, and appetite suppression.
Hypoglycemia
- Hypoglycemia can be masked by certain medications, including beta blockers.
- Signs of hypoglycemia include increased heart rate, sweating, and confusion.
- Treatment for hypoglycemia includes administering glucose or glucagon.
Ketoacidosis
- Ketoacidosis occurs when blood glucose is too high or too low, typically in type 1 diabetes.
- Ketoacidosis requires immediate treatment to prevent complications.
RAAS System
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and fluid retention.
- Medications can be used to block or inhibit the RAAS system to treat hypertension and fluid retention.
Medication Suffixes
- The -pril suffix indicates an ACE inhibitor, while the -sartan suffix indicates an ARB.
Potassium Levels
- For a client with a potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L, medications such as captopril, losartan, and spironolactone would need to be held.
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Description
This quiz covers the effects of grapefruit on cardio drugs, the handling of extended release medications, and the mechanism of action of anti-hypertensive medications.
