Cardiovascular Function Alterations I
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT primarily associated with hypertension?

  • Type 2 diabetes (correct)
  • Heart failure (diastolic)
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Chronic kidney disease

    • What is the likely effect of hypertension on the left ventricle (LV)?

  • Reduced afterload
  • Decreased myocardial workload
  • Decreased oxygen demand
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy (correct)

    • What lipid profile reading indicates a concern for dyslipidemia?

  • Triglycerides below 150 mg/dL
  • HDL cholesterol below 40 mg/dL (correct)
  • Total cholesterol below 200 mg/dL
  • LDL cholesterol below 100 mg/dL

    • Which of the following is a consequence of chronic hypertension?

    <p>Metabolic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common lifestyle factor may contribute to hypertension in individuals who work in sedentary jobs?

    <p>Prolonged periods of inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of the blood pressure reading of 162/94 mmHg?

    <p>Stage 2 Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle factor is most likely contributing to the patient's condition?

    <p>High caffeine intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What family history factor is significant in the patient's case?

    <p>Family members developed hypertension in their 50s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the BMI of the patient and what does it indicate?

    <p>31, indicating overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates a potential complication of hypertension in this case?

    <p>Persistent headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended initial diagnostic approach for someone presenting with hypertension?

    <p>Blood pressure monitoring over several weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension?

    <p>High fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended lifestyle modification for managing hypertension?

    <p>Regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a contributing factor to the patient’s persistent headaches and dizziness?

    <p>Poor dietary habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key risk factor for hypertension identified in this case?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the patient's recorded blood pressure measurement indicative of?

    <p>Stage 2 hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to family history, which factor increases the patient’s risk for hypertension?

    <p>Family history of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a high caffeine intake relate to hypertension?

    <p>It can cause temporary increases in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle change could potentially improve this patient’s condition?

    <p>Incorporating more fruits and vegetables in the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stress potentially play in this patient’s health situation?

    <p>It may lead to increased sympathetic nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor might influence the risk of hypertension in this patient?

    <p>Older age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in cholesterol production?

    <p>Action of HMG-CoA reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a cell possess to uptake LDL into its cytoplasm?

    <p>LDL receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the conversion of VLDL is true?

    <p>VLDL is first converted into IDL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in the lipid panel for this patient?

    <p>Elevated total cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of dyslipidemia, what does a low HDL-C level indicate?

    <p>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor is likely contributing to this patient's lipid abnormalities?

    <p>Sedentary work environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common laboratory evaluation finding in dyslipidemia?

    <p>Low triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a dietary consideration for managing this patient's diabetes and cholesterol levels?

    <p>Incorporating healthy fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chylomicrons?

    <p>Transport dietary lipids from the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting endogenous cholesterol to the tissues?

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for dyslipidemia?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does HDL play in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Transports lipids from tissues to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a low HDL level in a lipid profile?

    <p>Indicates high risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes mellitus influence lipid profiles at the molecular level?

    <p>Raises LDL cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with the degradation of VLDL to form LDL?

    <p>IDL presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of obesity on lipid profiles?

    <p>Elevates overall cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of endothelial injury in the context of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Decreased production of vasodilatory substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers smooth muscle hyperplasia in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Release of growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells migrate below the injured endothelium during the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed after the oxidation of LDL by macrophages?

    <p>Fatty streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of the progressive damage to the vessel wall in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Rough plaque surface promoting clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do oxygen free radicals play in the pathology of atherosclerosis?

    <p>They contribute to inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as plaques in atherosclerosis calcify?

    <p>Obstruction of blood flow worsens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an effect of abnormal vasoconstriction associated with atherosclerosis?

    <p>Development of ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a consequence of macrophage activity in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Migration to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the ischemia that occurs in the context of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Abnormal vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Function Alterations I

    • This module focuses on hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis.
    • Learning outcomes include understanding cardiovascular physiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for these conditions. These conditions are interconnected.
    • The patient in the case study is a 52-year-old parent with persistent headaches and dizziness, who reports a blood pressure of 162/94 mmHg.
    • The patient's lifestyle includes long work hours, reliance on fast food and coffee, and a BMI of 31. A family history of hypertension in their parents and siblings is noted.
    • Hypertension classification: Normal <120 mm Hg and <80 mm Hg; Elevated 120-129 mm Hg and <80 mm Hg; Stage 1 130-139 mm Hg or 80-89 mm Hg; Stage 2 >140 mm Hg or >90 mm Hg.

    Hypertension

    • Key pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed, such as sympathetic nervous system stimulation, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
    • The course covers the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on vascular resistance, heart rate, and blood volume.
    • The role of ADH is also highlighted, focusing on its effect on blood volume and pressure regulation, especially as related to fluid retention.
    • Also covered in the module is the importance of the RAAS in regulating blood pressure. This involves renin release, conversion to angiotensin II, vasoconstriction, and sodium and water resorption.
    • Over-expression of RAAS mechanisms can lead to chronic increases in blood pressure.
    • Other mechanisms impacting hypertension include genetic factors, dietary factors, tobacco use, alcohol use, and obesity.

    Pathophysiology Review

    • Sympathetic nervous system stimulation, affecting α1 receptors in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and β1 receptors in the heart (increased heart rate).
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control of water reabsorption in the kidneys directly affects blood volume and pressure.
    • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) activation and its impact on blood vessel constriction and fluid balance.

    Additional Pathophysiological Mechanisms

    • The effect of vasoactive mediators like endothelin (vasoconstriction), thromboxane (vasoconstriction), and nitric oxide /eNOS (vasodilation) on vascular resistance.
    • The effect of vasodilators, including nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins.
    • Problems with water retention, including excessive sodium reabsorption via the renal tubules.
    • The patient's lifestyle habits are significant contributing factors to their hypertension, particularly the dietary components (coffee, fast food) and lack of exercise, that could lead to hypertension.
    • The genetic predisposition to hypertension is also considered, as apparent in the parent and sibling's diagnoses.

    Dyslipidemia

    • The study includes a discussion of lipid types, including triglycerides and cholesterol.
    • Lipoproteins, such as chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL are explained, as well as their roles in transporting lipids. Their relationships to each other are also covered.
    • The key enzyme involved in cholesterol production, HMG-CoA reductase, and its regulation are discussed.
    • Mechanisms impacting the patient's diabetes diagnosis on the cholesterol levels and their metabolism are also covered.
    • Genetic predisposition, dietary factors, obesity, lack of exercise, and hyperinsulinemia are mentioned as risk factors in dyslipidemia.

    Atherosclerosis

    • Key pathophysiological steps in atherosclerosis development, such as endothelial injury and inflammation, are detailed.
    • The role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidative stress, the development of fatty streaks, and the formation of fibrous plaques are also discussed.
    • The impact of hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and elevated blood lipids on the process are covered.
    • Modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, tobacco use, diabetes, and obesity and non-modifiable risk factors such as genetics and family history are noted.
    • The pathophysiology of endothelial injury is explained in detail, including factors that affect endothelial function and the release of vasoactive mediators. The role of the inflammatory response and the role of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaque development.
    • The process of plaque buildup and its impact on blood vessels, such as narrowed lumen, are discussed.
    • The implications of atherosclerosis concerning different aspects of the body systems (e.g., cardiovascular, kidney, and ocular health) are noted.

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    Related Documents

    NURS 7053 Lecture Slides: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function I (PDF)

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. It focuses on understanding cardiovascular physiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment strategies through a case study involving a 52-year-old patient. Test your knowledge on the classification and implications of hypertension.

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