Cardiovascular Emergencies Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of platelets in the body?

  • Transporting oxygen throughout the bloodstream
  • Removing waste products from the blood
  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Facilitating the formation of blood clots (correct)

Which type of pulse can be palpated at the wrist?

  • Carotid pulse
  • Radial pulse (correct)
  • Femoral pulse
  • Posterior tibial pulse

What does systolic blood pressure measure?

  • Pressure exerted by veins
  • Pressure during heart contraction (correct)
  • Pressure when the heart is at rest
  • Overall volume of blood in the arteries

What condition does hypoperfusion refer to?

<p>Inadequate tissue perfusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diastolic blood pressure a measure of?

<p>Pressure when the heart is filling with blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is considered a late sign of shock?

<p>Low or decreasing blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries are classified as central pulses?

<p>Carotid and femoral arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of perfusion in the body?

<p>Delivering oxygenated blood and removing waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a rapid weak pulse?

<p>Weak and fast heartbeat, indicative of shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do peripheral pulses include?

<p>Radial and brachial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>Carry blood away from the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

<p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Connecting arterioles to venules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood back to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the composition of plasma in blood?

<p>Carries blood cells and nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents backflow of blood within the heart?

<p>Valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of venules in the circulatory system?

<p>Connect capillaries to veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is measured by pulse?

<p>Heart's rhythm and rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries is responsible for supplying blood to the heart itself?

<p>Coronary artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines blood pressure?

<p>The force of blood against the walls of blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of atherosclerosis on blood flow?

<p>It creates a blockage that narrows arteries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by chest pain due to inadequate blood supply to the heart?

<p>Angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nitroglycerin in cardiac emergency care?

<p>To decrease heart's workload and increase blood flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs indicates myocardial infarction?

<p>Squeezing chest pain radiating down the arms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the first actions to take during initial cardiac assessment?

<p>Perform a focused assessment using OPQRST. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would contraindicate the use of nitroglycerin?

<p>Head injury or altered mental state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of nitroglycerin?

<p>Hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ischemia affect body tissues?

<p>It leads to reduced oxygen availability to tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action to take if a patient is experiencing symptoms of cardiac compromise?

<p>Administer oxygen and place in a comfortable position. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of patients should a defibrillator be attached to?

<p>Unresponsive, pulseless, non-breathing patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the AED's computer microprocessor?

<p>To evaluate and confirm the patient's cardiac rhythm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should CPR be interrupted during defibrillation?

<p>During rhythm analysis and when shocks are delivered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of automated external defibrillators?

<p>Operates without action from EMT-Basic after power is on (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maximum time CPR may be stopped to deliver up to three shocks?

<p>90 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a shock should be advised by the defibrillator?

<p>Ventricular tachycardia above 180 beats/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of defibrillator failure?

<p>Poor maintenance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the operation of the AED, when is it crucial to say 'clear patient'?

<p>Before delivering a shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a maintenance checklist for an AED?

<p>To ensure proper functionality and reduce failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a care team proceed if there are no ACLS personnel on scene?

<p>Transport the patient after regaining a pulse or after specific protocols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Platelets function

Essential for blood clot formation

Pulse

Blood wave felt as it travels through arteries.

Pulse location

Peripheral pulse: Radial, Brachial, Posterior tibial, Dorsalis pedis; Central pulse: Carotid, Femoral. These are felt near the skin and over a bone where artery passes.

Blood Pressure

Pressure against artery walls during heartbeats.

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Blood pressure-Systolic

Pressure when the heart contracts.

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Blood pressure-Diastolic

Pressure when the heart rests.

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Perfusion

Delivering oxygenated blood to organs, removing waste.

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Hypoperfusion (shock)

Widespread, inadequate tissue perfusion, a dangerous state.

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Shock Signs

Pale skin; cold skin; rapid, weak pulse; altered mental state; rapid breathing; nausea/vomiting; low/decreasing blood pressure.

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Shock blood pressure

Low blood pressure is a Lateness sign of shock, not an immediate one.

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Circulatory System

The network of blood vessels that transport blood throughout the body, including the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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Heart's Role

The heart acts as a pump, pushing blood through the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste.

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What are arteries?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

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What are veins?

Veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

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Capillary function

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between blood and cells.

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Heart's Electrical System

The heart has a specialized system of conductive tissue that generates electrical impulses, causing coordinated contractions and pumping action.

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Automaticity

The ability of cardiac muscle cells to generate their own electrical impulses, initiating the heart's natural rhythm.

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Blood Components

Blood consists of red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infections), and plasma (carries cells and nutrients).

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Hematocrit

The percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells, indicating the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

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Valves in the Heart

Valves prevent backflow of blood, ensuring one-way circulation through the heart.

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Chain of Survival

A sequence of actions to increase survival chances for cardiac arrest patients. Includes early recognition and CPR, rapid defibrillation, advanced life support, and post-arrest care.

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Defibrillation

A medical procedure that delivers an electrical shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm. Used in cases of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia.

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Ventricular Fibrillation

A life-threatening heart rhythm where the ventricles quiver instead of pumping blood effectively. Often results in cardiac arrest.

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Ventricular Tachycardia

A heart rhythm where the ventricles beat too fast and irregularly, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively.

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Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

A portable medical device that analyzes the heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock if needed, often used in cases of cardiac arrest.

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Semi-Automated AED

An AED type that requires the user to follow voice prompts and press buttons to deliver the shock.

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Shockable Rhythms

Cardiac rhythms that are recognized by an AED as requiring defibrillation to restore normal heart function.

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CPR Interruption During Defibrillation

Stopping CPR briefly during the rhythm analysis and shock delivery of an AED to enhance effectiveness, as defibrillation is more critical than continuous CPR.

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AED Advantages

Quick operation, hands-off process, safer, better electrode placement, larger pad surface area, reduced anxiety for the EMT.

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AED Operation

Turning on the AED, attaching electrodes, analyzing the rhythm, delivering shock if advised, and continuing care based on the machine instructions.

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Ischemia

A condition where tissues and cells don't get enough oxygen.

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Atherosclerosis

A build-up of cholesterol and debris in arteries, narrowing the blood flow.

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Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced oxygen to the heart due to narrowed coronary arteries.

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Myocardial Infarction

Heart muscle dies due to lack of blood supply and oxygen.

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Congestive Heart Failure

Heart can't pump blood efficiently, causing fluid buildup in the lungs and veins.

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Signs and Symptoms of Cardiac Compromise

Chest pain radiating to arms or jaw, sweating, difficulty breathing, anxiety, abnormal pulse/blood pressure.

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Nitroglycerin Administration

Used to reduce heart's workload by relaxing blood vessels.

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Nitroglycerin Contraindications

Systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, no prescribed nitroglycerin, head injury, maximum dosage already taken.

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Basic Life Support (BLS) for Cardiac Compromise

Oxygen, positioning, nitroglycerin, and basic life support measures are priorities.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular Emergencies

  • This chapter covers cardiovascular emergencies
  • It reviews the circulatory system, cardiac compromise, assessment, and emergency medical care.
  • It also covers automated external defibrillators (AEDs)

Overview

  • The review of the circulatory system involves anatomy and physiology
  • Cardiac compromise includes assessment and emergency medical care.

Overview (AEDs)

  • Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) are discussed
  • This section includes the overview, advantages, operation, post-resuscitation care, maintenance, and skills related to AEDs.

The Circulatory System

  • Blood is pumped throughout the body via the cardiovascular system
  • An interruption of this process for even a few minutes can lead to death

The Circulatory System (components)

  • Heart: Pumps blood
  • Blood Vessels
    • Arteries
    • Arterioles
    • Capillaries
    • Venules
    • Veins
  • Blood
    • Red blood cells (carry oxygen)
    • White blood cells (body's defense)
    • Plasma (fluid)
    • Platelets (blood clot formation)

The Heart (Structure and Function)

  • Right atrium: Receives blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
  • Right ventricle: Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
  • Left atrium: Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
  • Left ventricle:Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body

The Heart (Structure and Function) continued

  • Valves prevent blood backflow
  • Specialized tissue (conductive system): Generates and sends electrical signals for coordinated muscle contractions
  • Automaticity: Heart's ability to generate its own electrical impulses

Blood Vessels (Arteries)

  • Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
  • Major arteries include: Coronary, Aorta, Pulmonary, Carotid, Femoral, Radial, Brachial, Posterior tibial, and Dorsalis pedis.

Arterioles

  • Smallest branches of arteries that connect to capillaries

Capillaries

  • Tiny blood vessels connecting arterioles to venules
  • Allow the exchange of nutrients and waste at the cellular level

Venules

  • Smallest branches of veins leading to capillaries

Veins

  • Carry blood back to the heart
  • Major veins include Pulmonary vein, Vena cava (Superior and Inferior)

Pulse

  • Wave of blood through arteries felt when an artery passes near the skin's surface

Blood Pressure

  • Measure of pressure exerted against artery walls during heart contraction and relaxation
  • Systolic: Pressure when ventricles contract
  • Diastolic: Pressure when ventricles relax

Perfusion

  • Delivery of oxygenated blood to organs and removal of waste products/carbon dioxide
  • Cellular respiration is a part of this

Shock

  • Widespread inadequate tissue perfusion (hypoperfusion)
  • Signs and symptoms include: Pale or cyanotic skin, cool or cold skin, rapid, weak pulse, altered mental status, rapid breathing, nausea and vomiting, low or decreasing blood pressure; a late sign

Cardiac Compromise (Ischemia)

  • Reduced oxygen to tissues and cells

Cardiac Compromise (Atherosclerosis)

  • Cholesterol and cellular debris form plaques inside arteries, narrowing areas of blood flow

Angina

  • Chest pain from reduced oxygen supply to the heart due to inadequate blood supply through coronary arteries

Myocardial Infarction

  • Part of the heart muscle dies due to lack of blood supply and prolonged oxygen deprivation

Congestive Heart Failure

  • Inefficient heart pumping; causes fluid buildup in the lungs and venous system

Cardiac Compromise (Signs and Symptoms)

  • Chest pain (squeezing, dull pressure) often radiating to the arms or jaw
  • Sudden sweating
  • Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
  • Anxiety, irritability, feeling of impending doom
  • Abnormal pulse rate
  • Abnormal blood pressure
  • Epigastric pain

Assessment (Initial Assessment)

  • Focused history and physical exam (OPQRST)
  • Physical exam
  • SAMPLE history

Emergency Medical Care (Priorities)

  • Oxygen
  • Positioning
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Basic life support

Defibrillator Maintenance

  • Poor maintenance is a common cause of AED failure
  • A maintenance checklist should be used

AED Skills(Maintenance and Practice)

  • Practice AED skills regularly
  • Medical director or representative should review any relevant events

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Cardiovascular Emergencies - Chapter 19 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the critical aspects of cardiovascular emergencies, including the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system. It also reviews cardiac compromise, emergency assessments, and the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in medical care.

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