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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of platelets in the body?
What is the primary role of platelets in the body?
Which type of pulse can be palpated at the wrist?
Which type of pulse can be palpated at the wrist?
What does systolic blood pressure measure?
What does systolic blood pressure measure?
What condition does hypoperfusion refer to?
What condition does hypoperfusion refer to?
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What is diastolic blood pressure a measure of?
What is diastolic blood pressure a measure of?
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Which symptom is considered a late sign of shock?
Which symptom is considered a late sign of shock?
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Which arteries are classified as central pulses?
Which arteries are classified as central pulses?
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What is the primary function of perfusion in the body?
What is the primary function of perfusion in the body?
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Which of the following describes a rapid weak pulse?
Which of the following describes a rapid weak pulse?
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What do peripheral pulses include?
What do peripheral pulses include?
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What is the primary function of arteries in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of arteries in the circulatory system?
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Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?
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What is the main purpose of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the main purpose of capillaries in the circulatory system?
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Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood back to the heart?
Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood back to the heart?
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Which statement describes the composition of plasma in blood?
Which statement describes the composition of plasma in blood?
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Which structure prevents backflow of blood within the heart?
Which structure prevents backflow of blood within the heart?
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What is the role of venules in the circulatory system?
What is the role of venules in the circulatory system?
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What is measured by pulse?
What is measured by pulse?
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Which of the following arteries is responsible for supplying blood to the heart itself?
Which of the following arteries is responsible for supplying blood to the heart itself?
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What defines blood pressure?
What defines blood pressure?
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What is a consequence of atherosclerosis on blood flow?
What is a consequence of atherosclerosis on blood flow?
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Which condition is characterized by chest pain due to inadequate blood supply to the heart?
Which condition is characterized by chest pain due to inadequate blood supply to the heart?
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What is the primary role of nitroglycerin in cardiac emergency care?
What is the primary role of nitroglycerin in cardiac emergency care?
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Which of the following signs indicates myocardial infarction?
Which of the following signs indicates myocardial infarction?
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What is one of the first actions to take during initial cardiac assessment?
What is one of the first actions to take during initial cardiac assessment?
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Which of the following factors would contraindicate the use of nitroglycerin?
Which of the following factors would contraindicate the use of nitroglycerin?
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What is a potential side effect of nitroglycerin?
What is a potential side effect of nitroglycerin?
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How does ischemia affect body tissues?
How does ischemia affect body tissues?
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What is the primary action to take if a patient is experiencing symptoms of cardiac compromise?
What is the primary action to take if a patient is experiencing symptoms of cardiac compromise?
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What type of patients should a defibrillator be attached to?
What type of patients should a defibrillator be attached to?
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What is the primary role of the AED's computer microprocessor?
What is the primary role of the AED's computer microprocessor?
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When should CPR be interrupted during defibrillation?
When should CPR be interrupted during defibrillation?
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Which of the following is an advantage of automated external defibrillators?
Which of the following is an advantage of automated external defibrillators?
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What is the recommended maximum time CPR may be stopped to deliver up to three shocks?
What is the recommended maximum time CPR may be stopped to deliver up to three shocks?
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What indicates that a shock should be advised by the defibrillator?
What indicates that a shock should be advised by the defibrillator?
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What is the most common cause of defibrillator failure?
What is the most common cause of defibrillator failure?
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During the operation of the AED, when is it crucial to say 'clear patient'?
During the operation of the AED, when is it crucial to say 'clear patient'?
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What is the purpose of using a maintenance checklist for an AED?
What is the purpose of using a maintenance checklist for an AED?
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How should a care team proceed if there are no ACLS personnel on scene?
How should a care team proceed if there are no ACLS personnel on scene?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Emergencies
- This chapter covers cardiovascular emergencies
- It reviews the circulatory system, cardiac compromise, assessment, and emergency medical care.
- It also covers automated external defibrillators (AEDs)
Overview
- The review of the circulatory system involves anatomy and physiology
- Cardiac compromise includes assessment and emergency medical care.
Overview (AEDs)
- Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) are discussed
- This section includes the overview, advantages, operation, post-resuscitation care, maintenance, and skills related to AEDs.
The Circulatory System
- Blood is pumped throughout the body via the cardiovascular system
- An interruption of this process for even a few minutes can lead to death
The Circulatory System (components)
- Heart: Pumps blood
- Blood Vessels
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
- Blood
- Red blood cells (carry oxygen)
- White blood cells (body's defense)
- Plasma (fluid)
- Platelets (blood clot formation)
The Heart (Structure and Function)
- Right atrium: Receives blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
- Right ventricle: Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
- Left atrium: Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
- Left ventricle:Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body
The Heart (Structure and Function) continued
- Valves prevent blood backflow
- Specialized tissue (conductive system): Generates and sends electrical signals for coordinated muscle contractions
- Automaticity: Heart's ability to generate its own electrical impulses
Blood Vessels (Arteries)
- Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
- Major arteries include: Coronary, Aorta, Pulmonary, Carotid, Femoral, Radial, Brachial, Posterior tibial, and Dorsalis pedis.
Arterioles
- Smallest branches of arteries that connect to capillaries
Capillaries
- Tiny blood vessels connecting arterioles to venules
- Allow the exchange of nutrients and waste at the cellular level
Venules
- Smallest branches of veins leading to capillaries
Veins
- Carry blood back to the heart
- Major veins include Pulmonary vein, Vena cava (Superior and Inferior)
Pulse
- Wave of blood through arteries felt when an artery passes near the skin's surface
Blood Pressure
- Measure of pressure exerted against artery walls during heart contraction and relaxation
- Systolic: Pressure when ventricles contract
- Diastolic: Pressure when ventricles relax
Perfusion
- Delivery of oxygenated blood to organs and removal of waste products/carbon dioxide
- Cellular respiration is a part of this
Shock
- Widespread inadequate tissue perfusion (hypoperfusion)
- Signs and symptoms include: Pale or cyanotic skin, cool or cold skin, rapid, weak pulse, altered mental status, rapid breathing, nausea and vomiting, low or decreasing blood pressure; a late sign
Cardiac Compromise (Ischemia)
- Reduced oxygen to tissues and cells
Cardiac Compromise (Atherosclerosis)
- Cholesterol and cellular debris form plaques inside arteries, narrowing areas of blood flow
Angina
- Chest pain from reduced oxygen supply to the heart due to inadequate blood supply through coronary arteries
Myocardial Infarction
- Part of the heart muscle dies due to lack of blood supply and prolonged oxygen deprivation
Congestive Heart Failure
- Inefficient heart pumping; causes fluid buildup in the lungs and venous system
Cardiac Compromise (Signs and Symptoms)
- Chest pain (squeezing, dull pressure) often radiating to the arms or jaw
- Sudden sweating
- Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
- Anxiety, irritability, feeling of impending doom
- Abnormal pulse rate
- Abnormal blood pressure
- Epigastric pain
Assessment (Initial Assessment)
- Focused history and physical exam (OPQRST)
- Physical exam
- SAMPLE history
Emergency Medical Care (Priorities)
- Oxygen
- Positioning
- Nitroglycerin
- Basic life support
Defibrillator Maintenance
- Poor maintenance is a common cause of AED failure
- A maintenance checklist should be used
AED Skills(Maintenance and Practice)
- Practice AED skills regularly
- Medical director or representative should review any relevant events
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Description
This quiz covers the critical aspects of cardiovascular emergencies, including the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system. It also reviews cardiac compromise, emergency assessments, and the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in medical care.
