Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Anatomy and Physiology in Children

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Which chamber of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the entire body (except the lungs)?

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Right atrium (correct)

Left atrium

Which ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery?

Right ventricle (correct)

Both ventricles

Neither ventricle

Left ventricle

Which atrium collects oxygenated blood from the capillary beds of the lungs through the pulmonary veins?

Both atria

Left atrium (correct)

Neither atrium

Right atrium

Which ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to the systemic circulation?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

In right-sided heart failure, what is the result of the right ventricle being unable to pump blood into the pulmonary artery?

Increased pressure in the right atrium and the systemic venous system Signup and view all the answers

In left-sided heart failure, what is the result of blood being backed into the left atrium and the pulmonary veins?

Increased lung congestion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel carries blood towards the heart?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart defect is genetic and present at birth?

Congenital Heart Defects Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children?

Kawasaki Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which heart defect is characterized by increased pulmonary blood flow and left-to-right shunt?

Atrial Septal Defect Signup and view all the answers

Which heart defect is characterized by decreased pulmonary blood flow?

Tetralogy of Fallot Signup and view all the answers

Which heart disorder is caused by an inflammatory reaction to a Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection?

Rheumatic Heart Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which heart disorder is characterized by a multisystem disease that affects the cardiovascular system and can lead to a coronary artery aneurysm?

Kawasaki Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart defect is characterized by an obstruction to blood flow?

Obstructive Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Rheumatic Heart Disease and Kawasaki Disease?

Rheumatic Heart Disease affects the heart valves, while Kawasaki Disease affects the coronary arteries. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark sign of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in children?

Difference in blood pressure between upper and lower extremities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign of congestive heart failure (CHF) in children with PDA?

Failure to thrive (FTT) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor feeding tolerance and offer small, frequent feedings in infants and small children with PDA?

To accommodate the increased work of breathing and energy demands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for monitoring urinary output in children with PDA?

To assess for fluid overload Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to avoid clustering care in children with PDA?

To prevent fatigue and respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for monitoring thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) in children with PDA?

Increased risk of thrombosis due to the shunt Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign of PDA in infants?

Poor feeding and failure to thrive Signup and view all the answers

Why are children with PDA at increased risk for bacterial endocarditis?

The shunt creates a favorable environment for bacterial growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of asthma according to the text?

Genetic and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a trigger for asthma in the text?

High humidity Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of asthma described in the text?

Chronic inflammatory disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is used to measure the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second as mentioned in the text?

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is specifically mentioned as an anti-inflammatory agent for asthma in the text?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of asthma according to the text?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test exposes patients to methacholine, cold air, or histamine?

Bronchoprovocation testing Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of epiglottitis?

Bacterial infection Signup and view all the answers

Which position does a child with epiglottitis typically assume to maximize their airway?

Sitting up and forward with lower jaw thrust forward Signup and view all the answers

What do ABGs reveal in patients with asthma according to the text?

Hypoxemia and hypercapnia Signup and view all the answers

What type of agonist is used as a bronchodilator in asthma treatment?

Short-acting agonist Signup and view all the answers

What is a key contraindication when suspecting epiglottitis during diagnosis?

Visual inspection of the mouth and throat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with epiglottitis?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

Why should inspection of the oropharynx be avoided in suspected cases of epiglottitis?

To prevent bronchospasm and airway occlusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended precaution for isolation when dealing with a patient having epiglottitis?

Droplet precautions Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial to have available when managing a patient with suspected epiglottitis?

Resuscitation equipment Signup and view all the answers