Cardiovascular Diseases Quiz

Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Diseases: Pathology and Risk Factors

• Atherosclerosis is a disease of elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries characterized by the deposition of yellowish plaques within the intima.

• Atheroma, the hallmark of atherosclerosis, leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen.

• Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for ischemic heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

• Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus.

• Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, sex, and genetics.

• Hyperlipidemia, specifically increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45.

• Atherosclerosis morphology includes an early "fatty streak" stage and a later "fibrofatty atheromatous plaque" stage.

• Complications of atherosclerosis include ulceration, rupture, or erosion of the atheromatous plaque, thrombosis, and aneurysm.

• Angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or "precordial" chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia.

• Myocardial infarction (MI) is a defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia.

• MI is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females.

• Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common predisposing risk factor for MI, and most acute MIs are caused by coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque.Cardiovascular Diseases Summary

• Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by a thrombus that blocks normal blood flow.

• There are two types of Angina Pectoris: Typical (Stable) and Unstable (Crescendo/Preinfarction).

• Myocardial Infarction occurs at rest due to vasospasm and is difficult to treat.

• Infarct starts in the subendocardial region and extends externally, reaching maximum size within 3-6 hours.

• Prinzmetal's (Variant) Angina is caused by a spasm of the coronary artery.

• Complications of Myocardial Infarction include arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, myocardial rupture, and fibrinous pericarditis.

• Hypertension is defined as a sustained increase in resting blood pressure at levels above generally accepted normal values.

• Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall.

• Essential/Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases, while Secondary hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors.

• Complications of Hypertension include ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery thrombosis, and cerebral hemorrhage.

• Hypertension can also cause hypertensive retinopathy, aortic aneurysm, and renal failure.

• Treatment for Hypertension includes lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, and medication, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors.Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) and Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease

• Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be congenital or acquired.

• The most commonly affected valve is the mitral valve.

• VHD causes a major hemodynamic burden on the heart by obstruction (stenosis) or regurgitation (incompetence or insufficiency).

• Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease (Rheumatic fever) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease.

• It follows an episode of group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis after an interval of 2-3 weeks.

• Host antibodies directed against proteins of certain streptococcal strains cross-react with normal tissue glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints, and other tissues, causing inflammation.

• Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease is multisystemic with inflammatory lesions found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, joints, and skin.

• Carditis, inflammation of valves, myocardium, or pericardium, is a common manifestation of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.

• Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis and Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis are both complications of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.

• Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate and generally resolves with no sequelae.

• Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations (fibrin thrombi) along the lines of valve closure in the affected valve.

• Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis is absent of streptococci.Cardiovascular Diseases: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Myxomatous Mitral Valve

• Rheumatic Heart Disease is a chronic condition resulting from acute inflammation that may cause significant scarring and functional consequences.

• The disease can lead to stenosis, which is the narrowing of the valve orifice, and regurgitation, which is the improper closure of leaflets.

• Mitral stenosis is the most common lesion, characterized by leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, fibrous bridging across commissures, and calcification.

• Rheumatic Heart Disease can cause progressive dilatation of the left atrium, and mural thrombi may form leading to systemic emboli.

• Infective Endocarditis is a condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues and the formation of friable, bulky masses known as "vegetations."

• The disease can be caused by different organisms, and the aortic and mitral valves are the most common sites of involvement.

• Acute Endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus can lead to rapid death within days to weeks in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery.

• Subacute Endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci progresses slowly, and the majority of patients recover with appropriate antibiotics.

• Myxomatous Mitral Valve, also known as Mitral Valve Prolapse, is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation.

• The disease is characterized by enlarged, redundant, thick, and rubbery leaflets that balloon into the left atrium during systole.

• MVP is most commonly discovered between the ages of 20-40, and women are more affected than men.

• The disease can lead to severe complications, such as arrhythmias, systemic embolization, and sudden cardiac death.

Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Diseases: Pathology and Risk Factors

• Atherosclerosis is a disease of elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries characterized by the deposition of yellowish plaques within the intima.

• Atheroma, the hallmark of atherosclerosis, leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen.

• Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for ischemic heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

• Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus.

• Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, sex, and genetics.

• Hyperlipidemia, specifically increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45.

• Atherosclerosis morphology includes an early "fatty streak" stage and a later "fibrofatty atheromatous plaque" stage.

• Complications of atherosclerosis include ulceration, rupture, or erosion of the atheromatous plaque, thrombosis, and aneurysm.

• Angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or "precordial" chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia.

• Myocardial infarction (MI) is a defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia.

• MI is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females.

• Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common predisposing risk factor for MI, and most acute MIs are caused by coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque.Cardiovascular Diseases Summary

• Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by a thrombus that blocks normal blood flow.

• There are two types of Angina Pectoris: Typical (Stable) and Unstable (Crescendo/Preinfarction).

• Myocardial Infarction occurs at rest due to vasospasm and is difficult to treat.

• Infarct starts in the subendocardial region and extends externally, reaching maximum size within 3-6 hours.

• Prinzmetal's (Variant) Angina is caused by a spasm of the coronary artery.

• Complications of Myocardial Infarction include arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, myocardial rupture, and fibrinous pericarditis.

• Hypertension is defined as a sustained increase in resting blood pressure at levels above generally accepted normal values.

• Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall.

• Essential/Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases, while Secondary hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors.

• Complications of Hypertension include ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery thrombosis, and cerebral hemorrhage.

• Hypertension can also cause hypertensive retinopathy, aortic aneurysm, and renal failure.

• Treatment for Hypertension includes lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, and medication, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors.Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) and Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease

• Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be congenital or acquired.

• The most commonly affected valve is the mitral valve.

• VHD causes a major hemodynamic burden on the heart by obstruction (stenosis) or regurgitation (incompetence or insufficiency).

• Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease (Rheumatic fever) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease.

• It follows an episode of group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis after an interval of 2-3 weeks.

• Host antibodies directed against proteins of certain streptococcal strains cross-react with normal tissue glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints, and other tissues, causing inflammation.

• Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease is multisystemic with inflammatory lesions found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, joints, and skin.

• Carditis, inflammation of valves, myocardium, or pericardium, is a common manifestation of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.

• Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis and Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis are both complications of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.

• Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate and generally resolves with no sequelae.

• Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations (fibrin thrombi) along the lines of valve closure in the affected valve.

• Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis is absent of streptococci.Cardiovascular Diseases: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Myxomatous Mitral Valve

• Rheumatic Heart Disease is a chronic condition resulting from acute inflammation that may cause significant scarring and functional consequences.

• The disease can lead to stenosis, which is the narrowing of the valve orifice, and regurgitation, which is the improper closure of leaflets.

• Mitral stenosis is the most common lesion, characterized by leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, fibrous bridging across commissures, and calcification.

• Rheumatic Heart Disease can cause progressive dilatation of the left atrium, and mural thrombi may form leading to systemic emboli.

• Infective Endocarditis is a condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues and the formation of friable, bulky masses known as "vegetations."

• The disease can be caused by different organisms, and the aortic and mitral valves are the most common sites of involvement.

• Acute Endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus can lead to rapid death within days to weeks in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery.

• Subacute Endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci progresses slowly, and the majority of patients recover with appropriate antibiotics.

• Myxomatous Mitral Valve, also known as Mitral Valve Prolapse, is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation.

• The disease is characterized by enlarged, redundant, thick, and rubbery leaflets that balloon into the left atrium during systole.

• MVP is most commonly discovered between the ages of 20-40, and women are more affected than men.

• The disease can lead to severe complications, such as arrhythmias, systemic embolization, and sudden cardiac death.

Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Diseases: Pathology and Risk Factors

• Atherosclerosis is a disease of elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries characterized by the deposition of yellowish plaques within the intima.

• Atheroma, the hallmark of atherosclerosis, leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen.

• Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for ischemic heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

• Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus.

• Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, sex, and genetics.

• Hyperlipidemia, specifically increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45.

• Atherosclerosis morphology includes an early "fatty streak" stage and a later "fibrofatty atheromatous plaque" stage.

• Complications of atherosclerosis include ulceration, rupture, or erosion of the atheromatous plaque, thrombosis, and aneurysm.

• Angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or "precordial" chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia.

• Myocardial infarction (MI) is a defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia.

• MI is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females.

• Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common predisposing risk factor for MI, and most acute MIs are caused by coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque.Cardiovascular Diseases Summary

• Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by a thrombus that blocks normal blood flow.

• There are two types of Angina Pectoris: Typical (Stable) and Unstable (Crescendo/Preinfarction).

• Myocardial Infarction occurs at rest due to vasospasm and is difficult to treat.

• Infarct starts in the subendocardial region and extends externally, reaching maximum size within 3-6 hours.

• Prinzmetal's (Variant) Angina is caused by a spasm of the coronary artery.

• Complications of Myocardial Infarction include arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, myocardial rupture, and fibrinous pericarditis.

• Hypertension is defined as a sustained increase in resting blood pressure at levels above generally accepted normal values.

• Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall.

• Essential/Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases, while Secondary hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors.

• Complications of Hypertension include ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery thrombosis, and cerebral hemorrhage.

• Hypertension can also cause hypertensive retinopathy, aortic aneurysm, and renal failure.

• Treatment for Hypertension includes lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, and medication, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors.Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) and Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease

• Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be congenital or acquired.

• The most commonly affected valve is the mitral valve.

• VHD causes a major hemodynamic burden on the heart by obstruction (stenosis) or regurgitation (incompetence or insufficiency).

• Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease (Rheumatic fever) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease.

• It follows an episode of group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis after an interval of 2-3 weeks.

• Host antibodies directed against proteins of certain streptococcal strains cross-react with normal tissue glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints, and other tissues, causing inflammation.

• Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease is multisystemic with inflammatory lesions found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, joints, and skin.

• Carditis, inflammation of valves, myocardium, or pericardium, is a common manifestation of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.

• Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis and Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis are both complications of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.

• Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate and generally resolves with no sequelae.

• Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations (fibrin thrombi) along the lines of valve closure in the affected valve.

• Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis is absent of streptococci.Cardiovascular Diseases: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Myxomatous Mitral Valve

• Rheumatic Heart Disease is a chronic condition resulting from acute inflammation that may cause significant scarring and functional consequences.

• The disease can lead to stenosis, which is the narrowing of the valve orifice, and regurgitation, which is the improper closure of leaflets.

• Mitral stenosis is the most common lesion, characterized by leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, fibrous bridging across commissures, and calcification.

• Rheumatic Heart Disease can cause progressive dilatation of the left atrium, and mural thrombi may form leading to systemic emboli.

• Infective Endocarditis is a condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues and the formation of friable, bulky masses known as "vegetations."

• The disease can be caused by different organisms, and the aortic and mitral valves are the most common sites of involvement.

• Acute Endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus can lead to rapid death within days to weeks in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery.

• Subacute Endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci progresses slowly, and the majority of patients recover with appropriate antibiotics.

• Myxomatous Mitral Valve, also known as Mitral Valve Prolapse, is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation.

• The disease is characterized by enlarged, redundant, thick, and rubbery leaflets that balloon into the left atrium during systole.

• MVP is most commonly discovered between the ages of 20-40, and women are more affected than men.

• The disease can lead to severe complications, such as arrhythmias, systemic embolization, and sudden cardiac death.