Cardiovascular Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

Narrowing of the vessel lumen

Yellowish plaques in the media

Hypertrophy of the tunica media

Thickening of the intima (correct)

Which type of angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or 'precordial' chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia?

Variant (Prinzmetal's) angina

Unstable (Crescendo/Preinfarction) angina

Silent angina

Typical (Stable) angina (correct)

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Obesity, malnutrition, sedentary lifestyle, and insomnia

Age, sex, and genetics

Hypercholesterolemia, hypotension, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity

Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus (correct)

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

A defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

Mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is acute rheumatic heart disease?

An acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

Myxomatous mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is infective endocarditis?

A condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

Thickening of the intima Signup and view all the answers

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or 'precordial' chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia?

Typical (Stable) angina Signup and view all the answers

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

A defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

Mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is acute rheumatic heart disease?

An acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

Myxomatous mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is infective endocarditis?

A condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

Narrowing of the vessel lumen Signup and view all the answers

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common lesion associated with rheumatic heart disease?

Mitral stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

Myxomatous mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between typical and unstable angina pectoris?

Typical angina is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin, while unstable angina is not Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common complication of myocardial infarction?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute and subacute infective endocarditis?

Acute infective endocarditis causes rapid death in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery, while subacute infective endocarditis is generally treatable with antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common risk factor for hypertensive heart disease?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45?

Hyperlipidemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction (MI)?

Coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between typical (stable) and unstable (crescendo/preinfarction) angina pectoris?

Unstable angina pectoris is caused by ruptured or eroded atheromatous plaque and is more severe than typical angina pectoris Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute rheumatic pericarditis and acute rheumatic endocarditis?

Acute rheumatic pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate and generally resolves with no sequelae, while acute rheumatic endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations along the lines of valve closure in the affected valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus and subacute endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci?

Acute endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus can lead to rapid death within days to weeks in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery, while subacute endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci progresses slowly, and the majority of patients recover with appropriate antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

Myxomatous Mitral Valve, also known as Mitral Valve Prolapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between stenosis and regurgitation in valvular heart disease?

Stenosis is the narrowing of the valve orifice, while regurgitation is the improper closure of leaflets Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between hypertensive heart disease and essential/primary hypertension?

Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall, while essential/primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common complication of atherosclerosis?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45?

Hyperlipidemia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina pectoris is difficult to treat and occurs at rest due to vasospasm?

Prinzmetal's (Variant) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors?

Secondary Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of involvement in infective endocarditis?

Mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

Myxomatous mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease?

An acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common predisposing risk factor for myocardial infarction?

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45?

Hyperlipidemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between typical (stable) and unstable (crescendo/preinfarction) angina pectoris?

Typical angina can be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin, while unstable angina is not relieved by these measures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common predisposing risk factor for myocardial infarction?

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute rheumatic pericarditis and acute rheumatic endocarditis?

Acute rheumatic pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate, while acute rheumatic endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

Myxomatous mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute and subacute infective endocarditis?

Acute infective endocarditis is caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus, while subacute infective endocarditis is caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common complication of hypertension?

Hypertensive heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the morphology of atherosclerosis?

Fatty streak and fibrofatty atheromatous plaque Signup and view all the answers

What is atherosclerosis?

A disease of elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries characterized by the deposition of yellowish plaques within the intima Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

Atheroma, which leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen Signup and view all the answers

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

A defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

Myocardial infarction (MI) Signup and view all the answers

What is valvular heart disease (VHD)?

A condition that can be congenital or acquired, causing a major hemodynamic burden on the heart by obstruction or regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

What is acute rheumatic heart disease?

An acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease that follows an episode of group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis Signup and view all the answers

What is infective endocarditis?

A condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues and the formation of friable, bulky masses known as 'vegetations' Signup and view all the answers

What is myxomatous mitral valve?

The most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation, characterized by enlarged, redundant, thick, and rubbery leaflets that balloon into the left atrium during systole Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Diseases: Pathology and Risk Factors

Atherosclerosis is a disease of elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries characterized by the deposition of yellowish plaques within the intima.
Atheroma, the hallmark of atherosclerosis, leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen.
Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for ischemic heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus.
Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, sex, and genetics.
Hyperlipidemia, specifically increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45.
Atherosclerosis morphology includes an early "fatty streak" stage and a later "fibrofatty atheromatous plaque" stage.
Complications of atherosclerosis include ulceration, rupture, or erosion of the atheromatous plaque, thrombosis, and aneurysm.
Angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or "precordial" chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia.
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia.
MI is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females.
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common predisposing risk factor for MI, and most acute MIs are caused by coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque.Cardiovascular Diseases Summary
Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by a thrombus that blocks normal blood flow.
There are two types of Angina Pectoris: Typical (Stable) and Unstable (Crescendo/Preinfarction).
Myocardial Infarction occurs at rest due to vasospasm and is difficult to treat.
Infarct starts in the subendocardial region and extends externally, reaching maximum size within 3-6 hours.
Prinzmetal's (Variant) Angina is caused by a spasm of the coronary artery.
Complications of Myocardial Infarction include arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, myocardial rupture, and fibrinous pericarditis.
Hypertension is defined as a sustained increase in resting blood pressure at levels above generally accepted normal values.
Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall.
Essential/Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases, while Secondary hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors.
Complications of Hypertension include ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery thrombosis, and cerebral hemorrhage.
Hypertension can also cause hypertensive retinopathy, aortic aneurysm, and renal failure.
Treatment for Hypertension includes lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, and medication, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors.Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) and Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be congenital or acquired.
The most commonly affected valve is the mitral valve.
VHD causes a major hemodynamic burden on the heart by obstruction (stenosis) or regurgitation (incompetence or insufficiency).
Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease (Rheumatic fever) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease.
It follows an episode of group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis after an interval of 2-3 weeks.
Host antibodies directed against proteins of certain streptococcal strains cross-react with normal tissue glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints, and other tissues, causing inflammation.
Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease is multisystemic with inflammatory lesions found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, joints, and skin.
Carditis, inflammation of valves, myocardium, or pericardium, is a common manifestation of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.
Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis and Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis are both complications of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.
Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate and generally resolves with no sequelae.
Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations (fibrin thrombi) along the lines of valve closure in the affected valve.
Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis is absent of streptococci.Cardiovascular Diseases: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Myxomatous Mitral Valve
Rheumatic Heart Disease is a chronic condition resulting from acute inflammation that may cause significant scarring and functional consequences.
The disease can lead to stenosis, which is the narrowing of the valve orifice, and regurgitation, which is the improper closure of leaflets.
Mitral stenosis is the most common lesion, characterized by leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, fibrous bridging across commissures, and calcification.
Rheumatic Heart Disease can cause progressive dilatation of the left atrium, and mural thrombi may form leading to systemic emboli.
Infective Endocarditis is a condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues and the formation of friable, bulky masses known as "vegetations."
The disease can be caused by different organisms, and the aortic and mitral valves are the most common sites of involvement.
Acute Endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus can lead to rapid death within days to weeks in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery.
Subacute Endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci progresses slowly, and the majority of patients recover with appropriate antibiotics.
Myxomatous Mitral Valve, also known as Mitral Valve Prolapse, is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation.
The disease is characterized by enlarged, redundant, thick, and rubbery leaflets that balloon into the left atrium during systole.
MVP is most commonly discovered between the ages of 20-40, and women are more affected than men.
The disease can lead to severe complications, such as arrhythmias, systemic embolization, and sudden cardiac death.

Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Diseases: Pathology and Risk Factors

Atherosclerosis is a disease of elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries characterized by the deposition of yellowish plaques within the intima.
Atheroma, the hallmark of atherosclerosis, leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen.
Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for ischemic heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus.
Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, sex, and genetics.
Hyperlipidemia, specifically increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45.
Atherosclerosis morphology includes an early "fatty streak" stage and a later "fibrofatty atheromatous plaque" stage.
Complications of atherosclerosis include ulceration, rupture, or erosion of the atheromatous plaque, thrombosis, and aneurysm.
Angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or "precordial" chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia.
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia.
MI is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females.
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common predisposing risk factor for MI, and most acute MIs are caused by coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque.Cardiovascular Diseases Summary
Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by a thrombus that blocks normal blood flow.
There are two types of Angina Pectoris: Typical (Stable) and Unstable (Crescendo/Preinfarction).
Myocardial Infarction occurs at rest due to vasospasm and is difficult to treat.
Infarct starts in the subendocardial region and extends externally, reaching maximum size within 3-6 hours.
Prinzmetal's (Variant) Angina is caused by a spasm of the coronary artery.
Complications of Myocardial Infarction include arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, myocardial rupture, and fibrinous pericarditis.
Hypertension is defined as a sustained increase in resting blood pressure at levels above generally accepted normal values.
Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall.
Essential/Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases, while Secondary hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors.
Complications of Hypertension include ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery thrombosis, and cerebral hemorrhage.
Hypertension can also cause hypertensive retinopathy, aortic aneurysm, and renal failure.
Treatment for Hypertension includes lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, and medication, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors.Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) and Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be congenital or acquired.
The most commonly affected valve is the mitral valve.
VHD causes a major hemodynamic burden on the heart by obstruction (stenosis) or regurgitation (incompetence or insufficiency).
Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease (Rheumatic fever) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease.
It follows an episode of group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis after an interval of 2-3 weeks.
Host antibodies directed against proteins of certain streptococcal strains cross-react with normal tissue glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints, and other tissues, causing inflammation.
Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease is multisystemic with inflammatory lesions found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, joints, and skin.
Carditis, inflammation of valves, myocardium, or pericardium, is a common manifestation of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.
Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis and Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis are both complications of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.
Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate and generally resolves with no sequelae.
Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations (fibrin thrombi) along the lines of valve closure in the affected valve.
Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis is absent of streptococci.Cardiovascular Diseases: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Myxomatous Mitral Valve
Rheumatic Heart Disease is a chronic condition resulting from acute inflammation that may cause significant scarring and functional consequences.
The disease can lead to stenosis, which is the narrowing of the valve orifice, and regurgitation, which is the improper closure of leaflets.
Mitral stenosis is the most common lesion, characterized by leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, fibrous bridging across commissures, and calcification.
Rheumatic Heart Disease can cause progressive dilatation of the left atrium, and mural thrombi may form leading to systemic emboli.
Infective Endocarditis is a condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues and the formation of friable, bulky masses known as "vegetations."
The disease can be caused by different organisms, and the aortic and mitral valves are the most common sites of involvement.
Acute Endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus can lead to rapid death within days to weeks in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery.
Subacute Endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci progresses slowly, and the majority of patients recover with appropriate antibiotics.
Myxomatous Mitral Valve, also known as Mitral Valve Prolapse, is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation.
The disease is characterized by enlarged, redundant, thick, and rubbery leaflets that balloon into the left atrium during systole.
MVP is most commonly discovered between the ages of 20-40, and women are more affected than men.
The disease can lead to severe complications, such as arrhythmias, systemic embolization, and sudden cardiac death.

Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Diseases: Pathology and Risk Factors

Atherosclerosis is a disease of elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries characterized by the deposition of yellowish plaques within the intima.
Atheroma, the hallmark of atherosclerosis, leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen.
Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for ischemic heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus.
Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, sex, and genetics.
Hyperlipidemia, specifically increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45.
Atherosclerosis morphology includes an early "fatty streak" stage and a later "fibrofatty atheromatous plaque" stage.
Complications of atherosclerosis include ulceration, rupture, or erosion of the atheromatous plaque, thrombosis, and aneurysm.
Angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or "precordial" chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia.
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a defined area of myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged irreversible local ischemia.
MI is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females.
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common predisposing risk factor for MI, and most acute MIs are caused by coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque.Cardiovascular Diseases Summary
Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by a thrombus that blocks normal blood flow.
There are two types of Angina Pectoris: Typical (Stable) and Unstable (Crescendo/Preinfarction).
Myocardial Infarction occurs at rest due to vasospasm and is difficult to treat.
Infarct starts in the subendocardial region and extends externally, reaching maximum size within 3-6 hours.
Prinzmetal's (Variant) Angina is caused by a spasm of the coronary artery.
Complications of Myocardial Infarction include arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, myocardial rupture, and fibrinous pericarditis.
Hypertension is defined as a sustained increase in resting blood pressure at levels above generally accepted normal values.
Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall.
Essential/Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases, while Secondary hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors.
Complications of Hypertension include ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery thrombosis, and cerebral hemorrhage.
Hypertension can also cause hypertensive retinopathy, aortic aneurysm, and renal failure.
Treatment for Hypertension includes lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, and medication, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors.Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) and Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be congenital or acquired.
The most commonly affected valve is the mitral valve.
VHD causes a major hemodynamic burden on the heart by obstruction (stenosis) or regurgitation (incompetence or insufficiency).
Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease (Rheumatic fever) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multi-system inflammatory disease.
It follows an episode of group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis after an interval of 2-3 weeks.
Host antibodies directed against proteins of certain streptococcal strains cross-react with normal tissue glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints, and other tissues, causing inflammation.
Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease is multisystemic with inflammatory lesions found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, joints, and skin.
Carditis, inflammation of valves, myocardium, or pericardium, is a common manifestation of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.
Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis and Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis are both complications of Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease.
Acute Rheumatic Pericarditis is characterized by fibrinous or serofibrinous exudate and generally resolves with no sequelae.
Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis leads to the development of small, irregular vegetations (fibrin thrombi) along the lines of valve closure in the affected valve.
Acute Rheumatic Endocarditis is absent of streptococci.Cardiovascular Diseases: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Myxomatous Mitral Valve
Rheumatic Heart Disease is a chronic condition resulting from acute inflammation that may cause significant scarring and functional consequences.
The disease can lead to stenosis, which is the narrowing of the valve orifice, and regurgitation, which is the improper closure of leaflets.
Mitral stenosis is the most common lesion, characterized by leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, fibrous bridging across commissures, and calcification.
Rheumatic Heart Disease can cause progressive dilatation of the left atrium, and mural thrombi may form leading to systemic emboli.
Infective Endocarditis is a condition in which microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium causes the destruction of underlying cardiac tissues and the formation of friable, bulky masses known as "vegetations."
The disease can be caused by different organisms, and the aortic and mitral valves are the most common sites of involvement.
Acute Endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus can lead to rapid death within days to weeks in 50% of cases despite antibiotics and surgery.
Subacute Endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci progresses slowly, and the majority of patients recover with appropriate antibiotics.
Myxomatous Mitral Valve, also known as Mitral Valve Prolapse, is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation.
The disease is characterized by enlarged, redundant, thick, and rubbery leaflets that balloon into the left atrium during systole.
MVP is most commonly discovered between the ages of 20-40, and women are more affected than men.
The disease can lead to severe complications, such as arrhythmias, systemic embolization, and sudden cardiac death.

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Test your knowledge on cardiovascular diseases with this informative quiz! From atherosclerosis and ischemic heart diseases to valvular heart disease and infective endocarditis, this quiz covers a wide range of topics related to the heart and blood vessels. Learn about the risk factors and complications of these diseases, as well as their pathologies and treatments. Whether you're a medical student or just interested in learning more about cardiovascular health, this quiz is for you. Don't miss out on the opportunity to challenge

Cardiovascular Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

Which type of angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or 'precordial' chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia?

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

Which valve is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

What is acute rheumatic heart disease?

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

What is infective endocarditis?

Which of the following is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Which type of angina pectoris is characterized by intermittent substernal or 'precordial' chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia?

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

Which valve is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

What is acute rheumatic heart disease?

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

What is infective endocarditis?

Which of the following is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?

What is the most common lesion associated with rheumatic heart disease?

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

What is the difference between typical and unstable angina pectoris?

What is the most common complication of myocardial infarction?

What is the difference between acute and subacute infective endocarditis?

What is the most common risk factor for hypertensive heart disease?

What is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45?

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction (MI)?

What is the difference between typical (stable) and unstable (crescendo/preinfarction) angina pectoris?

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

What is the difference between acute rheumatic pericarditis and acute rheumatic endocarditis?

What is the difference between acute endocarditis caused by high virulence Staphylococcus aureus and subacute endocarditis caused by low virulence ɑ-hemolytic streptococci?

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

What is the difference between stenosis and regurgitation in valvular heart disease?

What is the difference between hypertensive heart disease and essential/primary hypertension?

Which of the following is the most common complication of atherosclerosis?

Which of the following is the strongest risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45?

Which type of angina pectoris is difficult to treat and occurs at rest due to vasospasm?

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries, with males being more affected than females?

Which type of hypertension is caused by renal, endocrine, or vascular factors?

What is the most common site of involvement in infective endocarditis?

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

What is Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease?

What is the most common predisposing risk factor for myocardial infarction?

What is the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients under the age of 45?

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

What is the difference between typical (stable) and unstable (crescendo/preinfarction) angina pectoris?

What is the most common predisposing risk factor for myocardial infarction?

What is the difference between acute rheumatic pericarditis and acute rheumatic endocarditis?

What is the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation?

What is the difference between acute and subacute infective endocarditis?

What is the most common complication of hypertension?

What is the morphology of atherosclerosis?

What is atherosclerosis?

What is the hallmark of atherosclerosis?

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

What is the most common cause of death in Western countries?

What is valvular heart disease (VHD)?

What is acute rheumatic heart disease?

What is infective endocarditis?

What is myxomatous mitral valve?

Study Notes

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