25 Questions
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
Atherosclerosis narrowing the coronary arteries
Which of the following is a common method of treating congenital valvular heart disease?
Valvuloplasty to repair the valve
What are the major complications of myocardial infarction?
Arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock
What is the primary purpose of drugs used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?
To reduce cholesterol levels and prevent plaque buildup
Which enzyme test is specific to heart and reflects cardiac muscle necrosis?
Troponin T and Troponin I
What is the typical duration for Troponin T and Troponin I to remain high after a myocardial infarction?
10 to 14 days
Which enzyme leaks out from necrotic cells after an infarct and its level reflects the size of the infarct?
Creatine kinase - myocardial ba
Which diagnostic tool can show possible mild symptoms of subendocardial infarct?
ECG
What is the typical time pattern for Troponin T and Troponin I to appear and peak after a myocardial infarction?
Appear in 3h, peaks in 24 hours
Which layer of the heart forms a fibrous framework tissue providing support and dividing the atria/ventricles?
Myocardium
Which chamber of the heart has the apex pointing downward toward the left hip?
Left ventricle
Which component of the heart's conduction system controls the normal cardiac rhythm?
SA node
Which structure carries arterial blood to the heart when relaxed?
Coronary arteries
What initiates impulses for the cardiac cycle?
Sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium (RA)
Which chamber has thin walls and acts as a receiving chamber?
Right atrium (RA)
What is the highest blood pressure in the arteries associated with?
Ventricular contraction (systolic pressure)
Which condition involves the enlargement of the heart and dilatation of chambers, leading to chronic heart failure?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is the cause of Aortic Stenosis?
Restrictive leaflets due to connective tissue degenerative changes and deposits of lipids and macrophages
What is the treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and surgical resection of blocking septum
What is the preventive measure for Rheumatic Heart Disease?
Prompt treatment of strep infection and prophylactic penicillin
What makes abnormal or damaged mitral and aortic valves susceptible to develop active Infective Endocarditis?
Valve inflammation and emboli
Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased circulating blood volume, hypotension, and pulmonary congestion?
Atrial fibrillation
What can result in partial or full thickness damage to the cardiac muscle, with ST elevation reflecting myocardial necrosis?
Myocardial infarction
What can lead to the inability of the ventricles to contract normally, resulting in a lack of blood circulation?
Cardiac arrhythmias
What can be triggered by a sudden blockage of a coronary artery, hemorrhage from a plaque rupture, or arterial spasm?
Acute coronary syndrome
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders
- Infective endocarditis can manifest as subacute or acute, with severe symptoms and valve destruction, affecting normal heart valves.
- At-risk groups for infective endocarditis include intravenous drug users, who can affect the tricuspid valve, and those exposed to unsterile materials or contaminants entering the right side of the heart.
- Cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, can result in the inability of the ventricles to contract normally, leading to a lack of blood circulation.
- Atrial fibrillation causes irregular atrial contractions, affecting the ventricular rate and potentially leading to decreased circulating blood volume, hypotension, and pulmonary congestion.
- Cardiac arrest can result from arrhythmias caused by prolonged or severe myocardial ischemia, with ventricular fibrillation being the most common and rapidly fatal type.
- Acute coronary syndrome can be triggered by a sudden blockage of a coronary artery, hemorrhage from a plaque rupture, or arterial spasm, exacerbated by increased myocardial oxygen requirements.
- Myocardial ischemia, caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle, can lead to myocardial infarction, with the location depending on the obstruction and collateral flow.
- Myocardial ischemia manifestations can range from asymptomatic to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest, caused by decreased blood supply to the heart muscle.
- Myocardial infarction can result in partial or full thickness damage to the cardiac muscle, with ST elevation reflecting myocardial necrosis and requiring prompt treatment with thrombolytics.
- Cocaine-induced arrhythmias and infarcts can occur due to increased heart rate, muscle irritability, peripheral vasoconstriction, and coronary artery spasm, even among those with normal coronary arteries.
- Arteriosclerosis of coronary arteries, resulting from narrowing and hardening due to plaque containing lipid deposits, can lead to stable or unstable angina, and myocardial infarction due to severe myocardial ischemia.
- The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction results in partial thickness damage to the cardiac muscle, with STEMI and NSTEMI reflecting complete or partial occlusion of major or minor coronary arteries, respectively.
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular diseases and disorders with this quiz. Explore topics such as infective endocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and more. Learn about the risk factors, symptoms, and pathophysiology of these conditions.
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