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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
- Atherosclerosis narrowing the coronary arteries (correct)
- Inflammation of the heart muscle
- High blood pressure leading to heart muscle damage
- Abnormal heart rhythms disrupting blood flow
Which of the following is a common method of treating congenital valvular heart disease?
Which of the following is a common method of treating congenital valvular heart disease?
- Medication to reduce heart rate
- Coronary artery bypass surgery
- Valvuloplasty to repair the valve (correct)
- Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement
What are the major complications of myocardial infarction?
What are the major complications of myocardial infarction?
- Cardiac tamponade, angina pectoris, and ventricular septal defect
- Hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and pericarditis
- Aortic dissection, endocarditis, and myocarditis
- Arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock (correct)
What is the primary purpose of drugs used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?
What is the primary purpose of drugs used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?
Which enzyme test is specific to heart and reflects cardiac muscle necrosis?
Which enzyme test is specific to heart and reflects cardiac muscle necrosis?
What is the typical duration for Troponin T and Troponin I to remain high after a myocardial infarction?
What is the typical duration for Troponin T and Troponin I to remain high after a myocardial infarction?
Which enzyme leaks out from necrotic cells after an infarct and its level reflects the size of the infarct?
Which enzyme leaks out from necrotic cells after an infarct and its level reflects the size of the infarct?
Which diagnostic tool can show possible mild symptoms of subendocardial infarct?
Which diagnostic tool can show possible mild symptoms of subendocardial infarct?
What is the typical time pattern for Troponin T and Troponin I to appear and peak after a myocardial infarction?
What is the typical time pattern for Troponin T and Troponin I to appear and peak after a myocardial infarction?
Which layer of the heart forms a fibrous framework tissue providing support and dividing the atria/ventricles?
Which layer of the heart forms a fibrous framework tissue providing support and dividing the atria/ventricles?
Which chamber of the heart has the apex pointing downward toward the left hip?
Which chamber of the heart has the apex pointing downward toward the left hip?
Which component of the heart's conduction system controls the normal cardiac rhythm?
Which component of the heart's conduction system controls the normal cardiac rhythm?
Which structure carries arterial blood to the heart when relaxed?
Which structure carries arterial blood to the heart when relaxed?
What initiates impulses for the cardiac cycle?
What initiates impulses for the cardiac cycle?
Which chamber has thin walls and acts as a receiving chamber?
Which chamber has thin walls and acts as a receiving chamber?
What is the highest blood pressure in the arteries associated with?
What is the highest blood pressure in the arteries associated with?
Which condition involves the enlargement of the heart and dilatation of chambers, leading to chronic heart failure?
Which condition involves the enlargement of the heart and dilatation of chambers, leading to chronic heart failure?
What is the cause of Aortic Stenosis?
What is the cause of Aortic Stenosis?
What is the treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
What is the treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
What is the preventive measure for Rheumatic Heart Disease?
What is the preventive measure for Rheumatic Heart Disease?
What makes abnormal or damaged mitral and aortic valves susceptible to develop active Infective Endocarditis?
What makes abnormal or damaged mitral and aortic valves susceptible to develop active Infective Endocarditis?
Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased circulating blood volume, hypotension, and pulmonary congestion?
Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased circulating blood volume, hypotension, and pulmonary congestion?
What can result in partial or full thickness damage to the cardiac muscle, with ST elevation reflecting myocardial necrosis?
What can result in partial or full thickness damage to the cardiac muscle, with ST elevation reflecting myocardial necrosis?
What can lead to the inability of the ventricles to contract normally, resulting in a lack of blood circulation?
What can lead to the inability of the ventricles to contract normally, resulting in a lack of blood circulation?
What can be triggered by a sudden blockage of a coronary artery, hemorrhage from a plaque rupture, or arterial spasm?
What can be triggered by a sudden blockage of a coronary artery, hemorrhage from a plaque rupture, or arterial spasm?
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders
- Infective endocarditis can manifest as subacute or acute, with severe symptoms and valve destruction, affecting normal heart valves.
- At-risk groups for infective endocarditis include intravenous drug users, who can affect the tricuspid valve, and those exposed to unsterile materials or contaminants entering the right side of the heart.
- Cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, can result in the inability of the ventricles to contract normally, leading to a lack of blood circulation.
- Atrial fibrillation causes irregular atrial contractions, affecting the ventricular rate and potentially leading to decreased circulating blood volume, hypotension, and pulmonary congestion.
- Cardiac arrest can result from arrhythmias caused by prolonged or severe myocardial ischemia, with ventricular fibrillation being the most common and rapidly fatal type.
- Acute coronary syndrome can be triggered by a sudden blockage of a coronary artery, hemorrhage from a plaque rupture, or arterial spasm, exacerbated by increased myocardial oxygen requirements.
- Myocardial ischemia, caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle, can lead to myocardial infarction, with the location depending on the obstruction and collateral flow.
- Myocardial ischemia manifestations can range from asymptomatic to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest, caused by decreased blood supply to the heart muscle.
- Myocardial infarction can result in partial or full thickness damage to the cardiac muscle, with ST elevation reflecting myocardial necrosis and requiring prompt treatment with thrombolytics.
- Cocaine-induced arrhythmias and infarcts can occur due to increased heart rate, muscle irritability, peripheral vasoconstriction, and coronary artery spasm, even among those with normal coronary arteries.
- Arteriosclerosis of coronary arteries, resulting from narrowing and hardening due to plaque containing lipid deposits, can lead to stable or unstable angina, and myocardial infarction due to severe myocardial ischemia.
- The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction results in partial thickness damage to the cardiac muscle, with STEMI and NSTEMI reflecting complete or partial occlusion of major or minor coronary arteries, respectively.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular diseases and disorders with this quiz. Explore topics such as infective endocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and more. Learn about the risk factors, symptoms, and pathophysiology of these conditions.
