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Which of the following are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
What is a common cause of arrhythmias?
Which symptom may indicate a blockage in blood vessels throughout the body?
Which of these conditions can lead to valve diseases?
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What symptom might older adults exhibit when experiencing cardiovascular disease?
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What does atherosclerosis cause?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cardiovascular disease?
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Which of these lifestyle choices can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
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What is the primary characteristic of cyanotic congenital heart disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of congenital heart disease?
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What are the potential causes of congenital heart disease according to the content?
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Which type of congenital heart defect allows for acceptable blood oxygen levels?
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What is the purpose of a chest X-ray in diagnosing congenital heart disease?
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Which of the following conditions is a type of obstructive lesion related to cyanotic congenital heart disease?
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What common symptom may indicate abnormal blood flow and requires further investigation?
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What is considered a critical congenital heart defect?
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What procedure is specifically followed to provide detailed images of the heart using ultrasound?
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Which treatment option involves placing a plug into a defect in the heart?
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In managing congenital heart disease, which medication keeps the ductus arteriosus open?
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What is a key lifestyle factor that increases the risk of developing heart defects during pregnancy?
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Which diagnostic procedure provides real-time images of the heart but does not involve ultrasound or electrical activity measurement?
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What serious condition may occur as a consequence of heart failure related to fluid accumulation?
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Which of the following is NOT a proven strategy to prevent congenital heart disease?
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What might be necessary in extreme cases of heart failure when other treatments fail?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with heart failure?
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What is the primary cause of heart failure related to coronary artery disease?
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Which factor can contribute to damage or weakening of the heart muscle?
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What progressive change occurs in the heart chambers due to heart damage?
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High blood pressure contributes to heart failure mainly by:
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Which of the following conditions does NOT directly cause heart failure?
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One major symptom of heart failure includes fluid buildup. What is a likely sign of this condition?
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Which condition refers to the inflammation of the heart muscle?
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What is the most common viral cause of myocarditis mentioned?
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Which condition is associated with right-sided heart failure?
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What effect does high blood pressure have on heart function?
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Which type of heart failure is primarily characterized by an impact on the left ventricle?
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What commonly contributes to chronic heart failure among the listed conditions?
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Which of these factors is not a risk factor for heart failure?
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Which arrhythmia pattern is most likely to worsen heart failure?
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Which condition may lead to heart failure due to structural issues?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease
- Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels.
- A person may be symptomatic or asymptomatic.
- Different causes exist for specific types of cardiovascular diseases.
-
Risk factors:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia)
- Tobacco use (including vaping)
- Type 2 diabetes
- Family history of heart disease
- Lack of physical activity
- Excess weight or obesity
- Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat
- Overuse of alcohol
- Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs
- Preeclampsia or toxemia
- Gestational diabetes
- Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions
- Chronic kidney disease
Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease
- Symptoms vary depending on the cause, and older adults or people assigned female at birth may experience more subtle symptoms.
-
Heart Issues:
- Chest pain (angina)
- Chest pressure, heaviness or discomfort
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
- Dizziness or fainting
- Fatigue or exhaustion
-
Blood vessel blockages:
- Pain or cramps in the legs when walking
- Leg sores that aren't healing
- Cool or red skin on the legs
- Swelling in the legs
- Numbness in the face or a limb (may be on one side)
- Difficulty with talking, seeing or walking
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
- Two main groups: cyanotic congenital heart disease and acyanotic congenital heart disease.
-
Cyanotic CHD involves heart defects reducing oxygen delivered to the body.
- Examples:
- Left heart obstructive lesions
- Right heart obstructive lesions
- Mixing lesions
- Examples:
-
Acyanotic CHD involves defects causing abnormal blood flow through the body.
- Examples:
- Hole in the heart
- Problem with the aorta
- Problem with the pulmonary artery
- Examples:
- CHD symptoms may appear at birth or later in life.
-
Symptoms:
- Cyanosis (blueish skin, lips or nails)
- Excessive sleepiness
- Fast breathing or trouble breathing
- Fatigue
- Tiredness or shortness of breath during exercise
- Heart murmur
- Poor blood circulation
- Weak pulse or pounding heartbeat
-
Symptoms:
Causes of CHD
- CHD occurs when the fetal heart doesn't develop correctly in the uterus.
- The cause is not fully understood but may be related to:
- Abnormal chromosomes or genetics
- Drinking or smoking during pregnancy
- Illnesses in the mother during pregnancy (diabetes, drug use, phenylketonuria, viral infection)
- Environmental exposures (secondhand smoke)
Diagnosis of CHD
- Tests for CHD may include:
- Physical exam
- Chest X-ray
- Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
- Echocardiogram (echo)
- Heart catheterization
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Management and Treatment of CHD
- Treatment may involve:
- Catheter procedure to place a plug into the defect
- Medications to improve heart function or manage blood pressure
- Nonsurgical procedure to close a defect using a closing device
- Oxygen therapy
- Prostaglandin E1
- Surgery to repair a defect, open blood flow, or redirect blood
- Heart transplant (in severe cases)
Prevention of CHD
- No proven strategies to prevent CHD.
- Avoid risk factors during pregnancy:
- Don't use recreational drugs
- Get all recommended screening tests
- Manage health conditions (diabetes, phenylketonuria)
- Stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke
- Avoid alcohol
Heart Failure
- Occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should.
- Blood backs up, causing fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath.
- Sometimes called congestive heart failure.
Symptoms of Heart Failure
- Symptoms may develop slowly or suddenly.
- Shortness of breath with activity or when lying down
- Fatigue and weakness
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Reduced ability to exercise
- Wheezing
- Persistent cough (may bring up white or pink mucus with blood)
- Swelling in the belly area
- Rapid weight gain
- Nausea and lack of appetite
- Difficulty concentrating or alertness
- Chest pain (if caused by a heart attack)
Causes of Heart Failure
- Caused by a weakened, damaged, or stiff heart.
- Heart muscle damage can be caused by:
- Certain infections
- Heavy alcohol use
- Illegal drug use
- Some chemotherapy medicines
- Genetics
-
Conditions that damage or weaken the heart:
- Coronary artery disease and heart attack (most common cause)
- High blood pressure
- Heart valve disease
- Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis)
- Congenital heart defects
- Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
- Other diseases (diabetes, HIV, thyroid issues, iron/protein buildup)
Causes of Sudden Heart Failure
- Allergic reactions
- Widespread illness
- Blood clots in the lungs
- Severe infections
- Certain medications
- Viruses that attack the heart muscle
Types of Heart Failure
- Right-sided heart failure: affects the right ventricle; fluid may back up into the belly, legs, and feet, causing swelling.
- Left-sided heart failure: affects the left ventricle; fluid may back up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
Risk Factors of Heart Failure
- Factors that increase the risk of heart failure:
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart attack
- Heart valve disease
- High blood pressure
- Irregular heartbeats
- Very frequent and fast irregular heartbeats
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Description
This quiz covers the essentials of cardiovascular disease, including its types, causes, risk factors, and symptoms. Learn about how these factors contribute to heart and blood vessel conditions. Test your knowledge on this critical health topic.
