Cardiovascular Disease Overview
26 Questions
5 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What effect do beta-adrenergic blocking agents have on heart rate and cardiac output?

  • Decrease both heart rate and cardiac output (correct)
  • Increase both heart rate and cardiac output
  • Increase heart rate but decrease cardiac output
  • Decrease heart rate but increase cardiac output

    • Which class of medication primarily inhibits calcium movement to affect blood pressure?

  • Calcium Channel Blockers (correct)
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Diuretics
  • Beta-Blockers

    • Which of the following lifestyle changes is NOT recommended after a CVD risk assessment?

  • Smoking cessation
  • Eating a healthy diet
  • Avoiding all physical activity (correct)
  • Weight loss if overweight or obese

    • How often are individuals aged 40-74 invited for a free health check to assess CVD risk in England?

    <p>Every 5 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is used to relieve the heart's workload by lowering blood volume?

    <p>Diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is NOT caused by atherosclerosis?

    <p>High blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group has the highest risk of dying early from heart disease and stroke?

    <p>Black men (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of first heart attack cases is due to modifiable risk factors?

    <p>90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ethnic backgrounds is associated with a lower risk of CVD?

    <p>South American (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coronary heart disease includes which of the following conditions?

    <p>Angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a modifiable risk factor for CVD?

    <p>High non-HDL cholesterol levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following comorbidities is NOT linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

    <p>Healthy diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the HA2DS2-VASc Score?

    <p>To evaluate risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular condition is characterized by a narrowing of the aortic valve?

    <p>Aortic valve stenosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is not commonly recommended for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Heart transplant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of aortic valve stenosis?

    <p>Chest pain (angina pectoris) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT considered a risk factor for heart failure?

    <p>Regular exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiomyopathy is primarily inherited?

    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Stretched, thin, and floppy heart muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for aortic valve stenosis?

    <p>Aortic valve replacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most probable consequence of untreated aortic valve stenosis after symptoms develop?

    <p>Poor life expectancy of around 2 to 5 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease events in adults?

    <p>QRISK 3-2018 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with electrical defects leading to heart issues?

    <p>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an ejection fraction below 50%?

    <p>Signifies the beginning of heart failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

    A group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, often caused by blood clots or a buildup of fatty deposits in arteries.

    Atherosclerosis

    A build-up of fatty deposits (plaque) inside arteries, causing them to harden and narrow, restricting blood flow.

    Coronary Heart Disease

    A type of CVD where plaque buildup in coronary arteries restricts blood flow to the heart muscle, potentially leading to chest pain (angina) or a heart attack.

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

    A type of CVD where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, causing temporary weakness or numbness in the body, usually lasting less than 24 hours.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Stroke

    A type of CVD caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain, leading to brain damage and lasting neurological problems.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Peripheral Arterial Disease

    A type of CVD where plaque buildup in arteries of the legs and feet restricts blood flow, causing pain, numbness, and even limb loss.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Non-modifiable Risk Factors for CVD

    Risk factors that are beyond our control, such as age, gender, family history, and ethnic background.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Modifiable Risk Factors for CVD

    Risk factors that can be changed through lifestyle modifications, including smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, high cholesterol levels, excessive alcohol consumption and obesity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Reduction Drugs

    Medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Beta-Blockers

    Beta-blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline, slowing the heart rate and reducing blood pressure.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Calcium Channel Blockers

    Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering heart and blood vessel cells, easing blood flow and reducing blood pressure.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    ACE Inhibitors and ARBs

    ACE inhibitors and ARBs prevent the production or action of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor, resulting in lower blood pressure.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Thrombolytics and Anti-platelets

    Drugs like alteplase (tPA) dissolve blood clots, while anti-platelets like aspirin and clopidogrel prevent platelet clumping, both reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

    A condition where the heart muscle thickens, making it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

    A heart condition in which the heart muscle becomes stretched, thin and floppy, making it harder for the heart to pump blood around the body.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

    A heart condition where the heart muscle becomes thin and stretched due to a problem with proteins that help keep muscle cells together.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

    A condition caused by extreme stress, not inherited, where the heart muscle temporarily weakens and can mimic a heart attack.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Aortic Valve Stenosis

    A condition where the aortic valve, controlling blood flow from the heart, narrows, stiffens and thickens, causing reduced blood flow.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cardiomyopathies

    A group of diseases where the heart muscle is affected, leading to difficulty pumping blood effectively.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Ejection Fraction

    A measure of how much blood is pumped out of the heart with each beat. A normal ejection fraction is 50% or above.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Heart Failure

    A condition where the heart can't pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hypertension

    A condition characterized by high blood pressure.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Diabetes Mellitus

    A condition where the blood sugar level is too high.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Chronic Kidney Disease

    A condition where the kidneys are not working properly.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dyslipidemia

    A condition where there are high levels of fat in the blood.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Atrial Fibrillation

    A type of irregular heartbeat, where the upper chambers of the heart beat too fast and irregularly.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Rheumatoid Arthritis

    A type of heart disease related to chronic inflammation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Health Check Programme in England

    A health check program offered in England to those aged 40-74 who haven't been diagnosed with CVD, diabetes or chronic kidney disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

    • CVD encompasses various heart and blood vessel conditions, primarily caused by blood clots (thrombosis) or atherosclerosis.
    • Atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup in arteries, leading to hardening and narrowing, restricting blood flow.
    • Major CVD types include coronary heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction), stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and peripheral arterial disease.

    Statistics

    • CVD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally.
    • Approximately one in three deaths are related to CVD.
    • The NHS spends over £29 billion annually managing CVD.
    • CVD impact varies regionally due to different lifestyles, healthcare availability, and living standards.

    Risk Factors

    • Non-modifiable:
      • Age: Risk increases significantly after 50.
      • Gender: Men generally develop CVD earlier and at higher rates than women.
      • Family history: Shared genetics and environment contribute to increased risk.
      • Ethnicity: Some ethnic groups (e.g., South Asian, sub-Saharan African) have higher risks, while others (e.g., South American, Chinese) have lower risks compared to those of European descent.
    • Modifiable:
      • Smoking
      • Low HDL cholesterol
      • High non-HDL cholesterol
      • Sedentary lifestyle
      • Unhealthy diet
      • Excessive alcohol intake
      • Overweight/obesity.
    • 90% of first heart attacks are due to modifiable factors.
      • Women over age 55 and consuming 5 or less units of alcohol weekly are safer than others.

    Comorbidities Increasing CVD Risk

    • Hypertension
    • Diabetes mellitus/prediabetes/metabolic syndrome
    • Chronic kidney disease
    • Dyslipidemia (familial & non-familial; some medications increase it)
    • Atrial fibrillation
    • Systemic inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)
    • Influenza
    • Serious mental health conditions (e.g., schizophrenia, PTSD; anxiety independently increases risk of CAD)
    • Periodontitis

    CVD Risk Evaluation

    • HA2DS2-VASc score assesses stroke risk in atrial fibrillation patients, informing anticoagulation decisions.
    • QRISK 3-2018 estimates CVD risk (heart attack, stroke) in 10 years for adults.

    CVD Prevention & Management

    • National health checks available for 40-74 year olds (without CVD/diabetes/CKD) include CVD risk assessment, alcohol assessment, physical activity, cholesterol, BMI, dementia screening (65+), and screenings for diabetes and CKD.
      • Lifestyle advice (smoking cessation, weight loss, healthy diet, moderate alcohol, physical activity) is recommended for all, regardless of risk score.

    Specific CVD Conditions

    Aortic Valve Stenosis

    • Progressive narrowing/stiffening/thickening (calcification) of the aortic valve.
    • Normal valve area: 3.5-4 cm².Critical stenosis <0.8cm².
    • Symptoms: chest pain (angina), fatigue, syncope, heart failure.
    • Risk factors: old age, past heart disease, infection, degeneration, radiation, chronic kidney disease (CKD), other CVD risk factors.
    • Treatment: aortic valve replacement.
    • Complications: heart failure, arrhythmias, blood clots, bleeding, endocarditis, stroke, death.

    Cardiomyopathies

    • Diseases of the heart muscle, inherited or acquired, impacting heart function.
    • Types:
      • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): Thickened heart muscle. Inherited (autosomal dominant), often via mutation of sarcomere proteins (e.g., β-myosin heavy chain).
      • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): Enlarged, thin, floppy heart muscle. Inherited or acquired.
      • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC): Genetic with abnormalities affecting myocyte adhesion (desmosomes).
    • Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Stress-induced, not inherited, often resolves.

    Heart Failure

    • Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood.
    • Ejection fraction below 50% indicates heart failure.
    • Thickened muscle reduces ejection space.
    • Causes: obesity, CKD, sleep apnea, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart attacks ,valve disease, myocarditis, congenital issues, family history.

    Management - Treatments

    • Pharmacotherapy:
      • Statins for cholesterol lowering; recommended for >20% 10-year CVD risk.
      • Beta-blockers that decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
      • Calcium channel blockers reducing heart workload through influencing calcium movement.
      • Diuretics that reduce blood volume and pressure.
      • Vasodilators (ACE inhibitors, ARBs).
      • Positive inotropes (digitalis)
    • Other:
      • Anti-coagulants(warfarin, DOACs) prevent blood clots; thrombolytics dissolve clots; anti-platelets reduce platelet aggregation
      • Anti-arrhythmic drugs for irregularity
      • Ablation, cardiac resynchronization therapy (pacemakers/implants)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers essential information about cardiovascular diseases, including their types, statistics, and risk factors. Learn about the impact of lifestyle, healthcare differences, and non-modifiable elements like age and gender on heart health. Test your knowledge and awareness of this critical health issue.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser