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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines cardiovascular disease?
Which of the following best defines cardiovascular disease?
What is a common lifestyle risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease?
What is a common lifestyle risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease?
What is one of the leading types of cardiovascular disease?
What is one of the leading types of cardiovascular disease?
How can cerebrovascular disease be described?
How can cerebrovascular disease be described?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the statistics of cardiovascular disease in the UK?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the statistics of cardiovascular disease in the UK?
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What impact does diet have on cardiovascular health according to the GDC Learning Outcomes?
What impact does diet have on cardiovascular health according to the GDC Learning Outcomes?
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What is the estimated total annual healthcare cost attributed to cardiovascular disease in the UK?
What is the estimated total annual healthcare cost attributed to cardiovascular disease in the UK?
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Which condition is categorized under valvular heart disease?
Which condition is categorized under valvular heart disease?
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Which of the following is considered a lifestyle risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Which of the following is considered a lifestyle risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
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What is a primary cause of endothelial injury in atherosclerosis?
What is a primary cause of endothelial injury in atherosclerosis?
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What occurs during the fatty streak stage of atherosclerosis?
What occurs during the fatty streak stage of atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following is a complication of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is a complication of atherosclerosis?
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In ischaemic heart disease, what does ischaemia refer to?
In ischaemic heart disease, what does ischaemia refer to?
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What is a primary treatment goal for managing hyperlipidaemia?
What is a primary treatment goal for managing hyperlipidaemia?
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What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?
What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?
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What happens during a myocardial infarction?
What happens during a myocardial infarction?
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Which of the following factors is associated with high blood cholesterol levels?
Which of the following factors is associated with high blood cholesterol levels?
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Which term describes the formation of a blockage in an artery due to thrombosis?
Which term describes the formation of a blockage in an artery due to thrombosis?
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What is a common initial symptom of a myocardial infarction?
What is a common initial symptom of a myocardial infarction?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the management for myocardial infarction?
Which of the following is NOT part of the management for myocardial infarction?
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Which statement is true regarding complications of myocardial infarction?
Which statement is true regarding complications of myocardial infarction?
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What is the primary management goal during a cardiac arrest?
What is the primary management goal during a cardiac arrest?
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Which factor affects the outlook for a patient after a myocardial infarction?
Which factor affects the outlook for a patient after a myocardial infarction?
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Which symptom is indicative of advanced complications after a cardiac arrest?
Which symptom is indicative of advanced complications after a cardiac arrest?
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Which of the following best describes ventricular fibrillation?
Which of the following best describes ventricular fibrillation?
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What is one of the potential psychological effects after surviving a cardiac arrest?
What is one of the potential psychological effects after surviving a cardiac arrest?
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In the context of myocardial infarction, which of the following is the purpose of oxygen therapy?
In the context of myocardial infarction, which of the following is the purpose of oxygen therapy?
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Which medication is typically administered during a myocardial infarction unless allergic?
Which medication is typically administered during a myocardial infarction unless allergic?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels.
- CVD is a significant public health issue with a high impact on individuals and healthcare systems.
- In the UK, 7.6 million people live with CVD, resulting in 450 deaths daily and 100,000 hospital admissions annually.
- Stroke occurs every 5 minutes, and the total annual healthcare cost for CVD is £9 billion.
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
- CVD encompasses several different types, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart disease.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
- Lifestyle Factors: An unhealthy diet (particularly high salt intake), physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Other Factors: Hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, kidney disease, age, gender, ethnicity, family history.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is a common underlying disorder for CVD.
- It involves the narrowing of arteries due to the build-up of plaques (atheroma), restricting oxygen-rich blood flow to vital organs.
- The process begins with damage to the endothelium of the artery, triggering a chronic inflammatory response.
Stages of Atherosclerosis
- Early stages involve endothelial injury or dysfunction, followed by fatty streak formation where lipids accumulate.
- As inflammation progresses, white blood cells are recruited, contributing to foam cell formation.
- Plaque progression involves the migration of smooth muscle cells, increased connective tissue, calcification, platelet adhesion, and fibrous cap formation.
- The final stage involves plaque disruption.
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
- Physical stress on arteries: Turbulent blood flow, particularly where arteries branch.
- Smoking/air pollution: Circulation of reactive oxygen radicals.
- Dyslipidemia: High total cholesterol, high LDL levels, and low HDL levels.
- Chronically elevated blood glucose levels: Associated with diabetes.
Complications of Atherosclerosis
- Thrombosis: Complete blockage (occlusion) of an artery.
- Infarction: Tissue death due to impaired blood flow.
- Embolus: A blood clot that travels to a coronary artery or artery supplying the brain.
Ischaemic Heart Disease
- Ischaemia refers to a restriction of blood supply to tissues.
- Ischaemic heart disease, also known as coronary heart disease, arises from atherosclerosis and hypertension.
- It leads to angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
- Infarction can cause acute circulatory failure, cerebral blood supply loss, and death.
- Risk factors include age, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension.
Hyperlipidaemia
- High blood cholesterol can be familial or associated with age, gender, inactivity, being overweight, low dietary fibre, smoking, ethnicity, low socioeconomic status, and other diseases.
- Management aims to lower LDL levels and raise HDL levels through lifestyle modifications and, if necessary, statins.
Angina Pectoris
- Severe chest pain caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries and myocardial ischaemia.
- Characterized by squeezing, crushing, or gripping substernal pain that may radiate to the left arm or jaw.
- Can be stable or unstable.
Angina Pectoris - Management
- Relieved by rest or glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) medication, which stimulates vasodilation.
- Pain typically resolves in 2-3 minutes.
- Other medications may be required, including aspirin, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins.
- Angioplasty or surgery (stents or coronary artery bypass graft) may be necessary.
Myocardial Infarction
- A heart attack or coronary thrombosis.
- Sudden injury caused by blockage of a coronary artery due to rupture of a vulnerable atheromatous plaque.
- Resulting ischaemia leads to necrosis (tissue death) of the myocardium.
Myocardial Infarction - Clinical Presentation
- Severe, central crushing pain radiating to left arm or jaw.
- Pain may start at rest and persist.
- Other symptoms include restlessness, facial pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and apprehension.
- 10-20% of patients experience silent infarctions without pain.
- Women may present with atypical symptoms.
- Death can occur soon after the onset of chest pain due to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.
Myocardial Infarction - Management
- Immediate emergency medical assistance (call 999).
- Hospital admission for ECG, blood tests, echocardiogram, oxygen, thrombolytic therapy, analgesics, anticoagulants, ACE inhibitors, sedatives, and potentially surgery.
- Comfort measures include a comfortable position, GTN spray (if known angina), and dispersible aspirin 300mg chewed (unless allergic).
- Monitor vital signs and be prepared for CPR/AED.
Myocardial Infarction - Complications
- Acute: Cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac failure, pericarditis.
- Later: Angina, thromboembolism, aneurysm, cardiac rupture.
- Longer term: Post MI syndrome (Dressler’s syndrome), shoulder-hand syndrome, psychological problems, depression.
Cardiac Arrest
- A serious and catastrophic event where the heart stops beating, preventing oxygenated blood flow to vital organs.
- Can occur after myocardial infarction but often has other causes.
- Leads to cerebral hypoxia, respiratory arrest, and brain injury.
- Survivors may experience personality changes, memory and speech impairment, involuntary movements, and incontinence.
Cardiac Arrest - Management
- Time is critical for survival.
- The chain of survival involves CPR to provide circulatory support and AED if a shockable rhythm is present.
Maintaining Emergency Knowledge for Dental Professionals
- Dental professionals need regular updates and training to maintain the necessary knowledge and skills to manage medical emergencies.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of cardiovascular disease, including its definition, prevalence, types, and risk factors. Understand the impact of lifestyle choices and other health factors on heart health. Test your knowledge to see how well you know about this significant public health issue.
