Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes cardiovascular disease?
What is a common lifestyle risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease?
What is the estimated number of people living with cardiovascular disease in the UK?
Which of the following is a type of cardiovascular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
How often does a stroke occur in the UK, based on statistics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the total annual healthcare cost related to cardiovascular disease in the UK?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT classified as a cardiovascular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these factors is essential for patient management regarding cardiovascular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lifestyle factor is a known risk for cardiovascular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a physiological change that occurs during atherosclerosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can be a complication of atherosclerosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary outcome of myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is commonly used to relieve angina pectoris?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant characteristic of angina pectoris?
Signup and view all the answers
Which risk factor is specifically associated with high blood cholesterol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major consequence of ischaemia?
Signup and view all the answers
How does smoking contribute to atherosclerosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes plaque buildup in arteries during atherosclerosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of patients may experience silent myocardial infarctions with no pain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the immediate management step for a patient with suspected myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can develop shortly after the onset of chest pain in a myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a long-term complication of myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
What immediate action should be taken if a patient presents with myocardial infarction and shows signs of hypoxia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of cardiac arrest?
Signup and view all the answers
How does CPR assist a patient experiencing cardiac arrest?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential psychological effect on survivors of cardiac arrest?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication should be chewed during immediate management of a myocardial infarction, unless the patient has an allergy?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Overview
- CVD is a group of heart and blood vessel disorders.
- Affects 7.6 million people in the UK, resulting in 450 daily deaths, 100,000 annual hospital admissions for heart attacks, and a stroke every 5 minutes. Annual healthcare costs total £9 billion.
Types of CVD
- Coronary heart disease
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
- Valvular heart disease
- Congenital heart disease
CVD Risk Factors: Lifestyle
- Unhealthy diet (high salt)
- Physical inactivity
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Alcohol consumption
CVD Risk Factors: Other
- Hypertension
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Kidney disease
- Age
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Family history
Atherosclerosis
- The underlying cause of most CVD.
- Arterial narrowing due to plaque (atheroma) buildup, restricting oxygen-rich blood flow.
- Initiated by endothelial damage triggering chronic inflammation.
Stages of Atherosclerosis
- Endothelial injury/dysfunction
- Fatty streak formation (lipid accumulation)
- Inflammatory response (white blood cell recruitment, foam cell formation)
- Plaque progression (smooth muscle cell migration, connective tissue increase, calcification, platelet adhesion, fibrous cap formation)
- Plaque disruption
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors
- Physical stress on arteries (e.g., branching points)
- Smoking/air pollution (reactive oxygen radicals)
- Dyslipidemia (high total cholesterol, high LDLs, low HDLs)
- Chronically elevated blood glucose
Atherosclerosis Complications
- Thrombosis (complete artery blockage)
- Infarction (tissue death due to impaired blood flow)
- Embolism (travels to coronary or brain arteries)
- Ischemic heart disease, angina, myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
- Restricted blood supply to tissues.
- Caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension.
- Leads to angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
- Infarction can cause circulatory failure, cerebral blood supply loss, and death.
- Risk factors include age, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension.
Hyperlipidemia
- High blood cholesterol, potentially familial.
- Associated with age, gender, inactivity, overweight, low dietary fiber, smoking, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other diseases.
- Management aims to lower LDL and raise HDL levels through lifestyle changes and potentially statins.
Angina Pectoris
- Severe chest pain from narrowed coronary arteries.
- Associated with increased myocardial lactic acid.
- Squeezing/crushing substernal pain (radiating to left arm/jaw).
- Can be stable or unstable.
Angina Pectoris Management
- Relieved by rest or glyceryl trinitrate (GTN).
- GTN stimulates vasodilation; pain resolves within 2-3 minutes.
- Other medications may be needed (aspirin, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins).
- Angioplasty, stents, or coronary artery bypass graft may be required.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Heart attack or coronary thrombosis.
- Sudden injury from coronary artery blockage (vulnerable atheroma plaque rupture).
- Ischemia leads to myocardial necrosis.
MI Clinical Presentation
- Severe central crushing pain radiating to left arm/jaw.
- May start at rest and persist.
- Restlessness, pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting, confusion, apprehension.
- Silent infarctions (10-20% of patients).
- Atypical symptoms in women.
- Death possible from ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.
MI Management
- Immediate hospital admission.
- Comfortable positioning.
- GTN spray (if known angina).
- Chewable aspirin 300mg (unless allergic).
- Oxygen (if hypoxemic).
- Monitor; CPR/AED preparation.
- Thrombolytic therapy, analgesics, anticoagulants, ACE inhibitors, sedatives, bed rest, surgery as needed.
MI Complications
- Acute: cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac failure, pericarditis.
- Later: angina, thromboembolism, aneurysm, cardiac rupture.
- Long-term: post-MI syndrome (Dressler's syndrome), shoulder-hand syndrome, psychological problems, depression.
Cardiac Arrest
- Abrupt loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness.
- Heart stops beating, preventing oxygenated blood flow to vital organs.
- May follow MI but has other causes.
Cardiac Arrest Consequences
- Serious/catastrophic event.
- Cerebral hypoxia, respiratory arrest, brain injury.
- Survivors may experience personality changes, memory/speech impairment, involuntary movements, incontinence.
Cardiac Arrest Management
- Time-sensitive; earlier intervention improves outcomes.
- "Chain of survival": CPR for circulatory support; AED if shockable rhythm (ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the key aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including its types, risk factors, and the underlying condition of atherosclerosis. This quiz provides vital information about the prevalence of CVD and its impact on healthcare. Understand how lifestyle choices and other factors contribute to heart and blood vessel disorders.
