EHR 519 week 1 B

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of endothelial cells in cardiovascular homeostasis?

Regulating blood pressure and heart rate

Stimulating muscle contraction and relaxation

Producing hormones to regulate electrolyte balance

Regulating blood flow, vascular tone, and angiogenesis (correct)

What is the outcome of a 30-60 minute moderate-intensity exercise, 3-5 times a week?

Increase in LDL particle size

Significant increase in HDL concentration and decrease in triglycerides (correct)

No change in HDL concentration and triglycerides

Significant decrease in HDL concentration and increase in triglycerides

What is the effect of skeletal muscle contraction on systemic inflammation?

Decreases IL-6 and inhibits TNF-α (correct)

Increases IL-6 and inhibits TNF-α

Decreases IL-6 and increases TNF-α

Increases IL-6 and TNF-α

What is the outcome of long-term exercise training on IL-6 levels?

Decreases resting IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of endothelial dysfunction?

Impaired ability of the endothelium to vasodilate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mediator released by endothelial cells to maintain a relaxed vascular tone?

Nitric oxide (NO) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on mortality rates?

Decreases overall and cardiovascular mortality Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on LDL particle size?

Decreases LDL particle size Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Australians had one or more conditions related to heart, stroke or vascular disease in 2022?

5.3% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hospitalisations in Australia involving a COVID-19 diagnosis had CVD as a comorbid condition?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the highest prevalence of cardiovascular disease?

75 years and over Signup and view all the answers

Among COVID-19 deaths, what was the percentage of deaths with chronic cardiac conditions as a certified comorbidity?

37% Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Increased waist circumference Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults exceeded the Australian Adult Alcohol Guideline?

26.8% Signup and view all the answers

Which group has a 2.1 times higher prevalence of heart, stroke and vascular disease compared to non-Indigenous Australians?

Indigenous Australians Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults met both the fruit and vegetable recommendations?

4.2% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults met the physical activity guidelines?

23.9% Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of cardiovascular disease?

Coronary heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of employed adults aged 18-64 years spent most of their work-day sitting?

46.9% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant complication of cardiovascular disease?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults were current daily smokers in the National Health Survey 2022?

10.6% Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor to consider when applying exercise interventions to individuals with cardiopulmonary conditions?

Co-morbidities Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults have never smoked?

58.3% Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of exercise physiology related to cardiovascular disease?

Pathophysiology of cardiovascular conditions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Disease and Exercise

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation reduces overall and cardiovascular mortality, and hospital admissions in short-term patients.
30-60 minutes of moderate-intense exercise, 3-5 times a week, increases HDL concentration and decreases triglycerides.

Systemic Inflammation and Exercise

Exercise reduces systemic inflammation by increasing circulatory IL-6, inhibiting TNF-α, decreasing insulin resistance, and stimulating lipolysis.
Long-term training reduces resting IL-6 due to lower glycogen content, improved oxidative capacity, and insulin resistance.

Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease

Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictors, leading to oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species.
Endothelial cells play a critical role in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating blood flow, vascular tone, angiogenesis, and monocyte/leukocyte adhesion.

Cardiovascular Disease in Australia

Cardiovascular disease affects approximately 1.3 million Australians (5.3%), with higher prevalence in males, elderly, Indigenous Australians, and people living in remote and socioeconomically disadvantaged areas.
Age, waist circumference, smoking status, and socioeconomic disadvantage are all associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

The Importance of Exercise

Insufficient physical activity increases the risk of chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and dementia.
Only 23.9% of Australians meet the physical activity guidelines, with many spending most of their workday sitting.

Risk Factors and Statistics

Hypertension, high cholesterol, and smoking are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
In 2020-21, cardiovascular disease accounted for 20% of comorbid conditions associated with COVID-19 hospitalisations in Australia.
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death, with chronic cardiac conditions present in 37% of COVID-19 deaths.

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Description

This quiz explores the effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on cardiovascular disease, including mortality rates, hospital admissions, and lipid profiles. It covers the benefits of moderate-intensity exercise on HDL concentrations and triglycerides.