Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis: Definition and Classification
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Questions and Answers

Which term is used to describe diffuse dysfunction attributed to multivessel coronary artery disease?

  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Ischemic cardiomyopathy (correct)
  • What are cardiomyopathies characterized by?

  • Morphologically and functionally normal myocardium
  • Abnormal myocardium in the presence of other diseases
  • Genetic disease (correct)
  • Structural heart disease
  • What was the traditional classification of cardiomyopathies based on?

  • Echocardiographic findings
  • Symptoms reported by patients
  • Autopsy specimens (correct)
  • Electrocardiographic findings
  • Which term is used to describe cardiomyopathy resulting from causes other than multivessel coronary artery disease?

    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is sometimes applied to describe diffuse dysfunction attributed to multivessel coronary artery disease?

    <p>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiomyopathy is now defined more on the basis of abnormal diastolic function?

    <p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the classification scheme based on phenotype considered increasingly inadequate?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term primarily describes the resulting syndrome of fluid retention in cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be absent despite severe fluid retention in younger patients with cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary presentation for fulminant myocarditis?

    <p>Acute cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging modality is increasingly used to provide further information on myocardial tissue characterization?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inheritance pattern is most commonly seen in familial cardiomyopathies?

    <p>Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of genetic mutations are the most common in cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Truncating variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do missense mutations affect the normal allele in cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Interfere with normal allele through a dominant negative mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is haploinsufficiency in the context of cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Lack of a stable protein causing disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutations may create a truncated or unstable protein in cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Nonsense mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes genetic cardiomyopathy in terms of penetrance?

    <p>Age-dependent and incomplete penetrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sex influence penetrance and clinical severity in most cardiomyopathies?

    <p>Greater in men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of mutation is the lack of a stable protein the cause of cardiomyopathy?

    <p>&quot;Haploinsufficiency&quot; mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of antiviral drugs used to treat chronic HIV?

    <p>Lymphocytic myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions has hepatitis C been particularly associated with cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Germany and Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can complicate the clinical picture related to cardiomyopathy when treating chronic HIV?

    <p>Pericardial effusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can interferon therapy have on cardiac function?

    <p>Improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viruses have been specifically implicated in myocarditis, besides hepatitis viruses?

    <p>Mumps and respiratory syncytial virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant injury site of SARS-CoV-2, leading to severe complications?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is mentioned as possibly depressing cardiac function transiently?

    <p>Interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of RNA viruses was first implicated in causing clinical myocarditis in humans?

    <p>Picornaviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following DNA viruses is well recognized to cause myocarditis and is also common in the healthy population?

    <p>Adenovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus may affect the cardiovascular system through infection of vascular endothelial cells?

    <p>Parvovirus B19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus was associated with an incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) of 1–2% before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy?

    <p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus has been associated with a lower incidence of cardiac disease due to the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy?

    <p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique detects viral genomes in the majority of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses may contribute to chronic cardiomyopathy despite serologic evidence of exposure in many children and most adults?

    <p>Parvovirus B19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Chagas' disease related to the conduction system abnormalities?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is xenodiagnosis rarely performed in Chagas' disease diagnosis?

    <p>Low specificity and sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used to treat heart failure manifestations in advanced stages of Chagas' disease?

    <p>Heart failure medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known side effect of the antiparasitic therapies benznidazole and nifurtimox?

    <p>Neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the role of antiparasitic therapy left unclear in the trial with adults having Chagas' cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Disease progression continued despite treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the dilated ventricles in Chagas' disease particularly thrombogenic?

    <p>Common occurrence of ventricular aneurysms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are two separate positive serologic tests needed to diagnose Chagas' disease?

    <p>Low specificity and sensitivity of the tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Chagas' disease, what is a major focus of treatment in advanced stages?

    <p>Addressing clinical manifestations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the dilated ventricles in Chagas' disease related to thrombogenesis?

    <p>Thrombogenic nature due to their dilatation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method for Chagas' disease lacks sufficient specificity and sensitivity, requiring two positive tests for confirmation?

    <p>Serologic tests for specific IgG antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

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