Cardiology Quiz on Coronary Circulation
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Questions and Answers

What is the principal venous return mechanism for the heart?

  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Coronary sinus and cardiac veins (correct)
  • Superior vena cava

Approximately what percentage of cardiac output does coronary blood flow represent at rest?

  • 10%
  • 5% (correct)
  • 15%
  • 8%

Which coronary artery is dominant in 67% of individuals?

  • Right coronary artery (correct)
  • Left coronary artery
  • Anterior descending artery
  • Circumflex artery

What structures does the left coronary artery primarily supply?

<p>The rest of the myocardium not supplied by the right coronary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage of the population does the right coronary artery supply the SA node?

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average coronary blood flow in ml/minute at rest?

<p>225 ml/minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about coronary artery occlusion is true?

<p>These sites account for at least 85% of all occlusions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT supplied by the right coronary artery?

<p>Posterior wall of left atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the anatomical position, which of the following accurately describes the orientation of the arms?

<p>Arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing anteriorly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the median anatomical plane represent?

<p>A vertical plane running from front to back in the midline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the abdominal regions subdivided for differential diagnosis of pain?

<p>Into nine regions and four quadrants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the transverse plane?

<p>It runs parallel to the floor and is perpendicular to both the median and coronal planes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel is indicated by the arrow in a patient's aortic angiogram if it points to the left common carotid artery?

<p>Brachiocephalic trunk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of sub-dividing the abdominal areas?

<p>For differential diagnosis of abdominal pain by area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the frontal (coronal) plane?

<p>It is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the abdomen is typically referred to as the epigastric region?

<p>The region above the umbilicus and between the lateral borders of the rib cage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is located posterior to the ascending aorta?

<p>Transverse pericardial sinus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels are separated by the transverse pericardial sinus?

<p>Aorta and pulmonary trunk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the coronary sinus empty into the heart?

<p>Right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prominent cardiac vein in terms of diameter?

<p>Coronary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The origin of the coronary sinus is associated with which landmark?

<p>Meeting point of the great cardiac vein and oblique vein of the left atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure partially covers the atrial orifice of the coronary sinus?

<p>Thebesian valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located superior to the left atrium?

<p>Transverse pericardial sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the coronary sinus?

<p>To collect cardiac venous blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

<p>Both A and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drainage site for the anterior cardiac veins?

<p>Anterior wall of the right atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the azygos vein is true?

<p>It forms a collateral pathway between the SVC and IVC. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemiazygos vein primarily drain?

<p>Left side of the thorax and abdomen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins is NOT associated with draining into the coronary sinus?

<p>Hemiazygos vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins form a connection between the posterior aspect of the IVC and the azygos system?

<p>Ascending lumbar veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main tributary to the azygos vein?

<p>Posterior intercostal veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The venae cordis minimae, or Thebesian veins, drain into which chamber of the heart?

<p>Right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chordae tendineae during ventricular systole?

<p>To prevent the AV valves from eversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart valve is associated with chordae tendineae?

<p>Atrioventricular valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to chordae tendineae during atrial systole?

<p>They remain relaxed to allow AV valves to open (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's papillary muscles rupture, what risk does this pose for the heart?

<p>Inversion of the AV valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cup-shaped structures in arterial valves called?

<p>Cuspids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the atrioventricular valves closed?

<p>Ventricular systole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of malfunctioning chordae tendineae?

<p>Fluid accumulation in the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure directly connects papillary muscles to the heart valves?

<p>Chordae tendineae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the ductus arteriosus play in fetal circulation?

<p>It facilitated blood shunting from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure remains after the closure of the foramen ovale post-birth?

<p>Fossa ovalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method of auscultation first introduced by Hippocrates?

<p>Placing the ear directly on the chest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are heart sounds most effectively auscultated?

<p>Distal to the valve through which blood has just passed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

<p>It becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a technique in heart auscultation?

<p>Listening at commonly known points. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of blood does the right atrium receive from the mother through the umbilical cord?

<p>Oxygenated blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'stethoscope'?

<p>An instrument for viewing or listening to the chest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the azygos vein?

<p>Form collateral circulation between the SVC and IVC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cardiac structures do the venae cordis minimae primarily drain into?

<p>Anterior wall of right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein typically drains the left posterior ventricular area?

<p>Oblique vein of the left atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the hemiazygos vein?

<p>It drains blood from the lumbar region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides a connection between the posterior aspect of the IVC and the azygos vein?

<p>Hemiazygos vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins are known to drain blood directly into the right atrium?

<p>Coronary sinus (B), Anterior cardiac veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the tributaries of the azygos vein?

<p>They usually arise from the ascending lumbar veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

<p>To shunt blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in a fetus?

<p>Through the foramen ovale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What eventually becomes the ligamentum arteriosum?

<p>The ductus arteriosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is most effective for auscultating heart sounds?

<p>At points distal to the heart valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is left behind after the foramen ovale closes in postnatal circulation?

<p>Fossa ovalis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the auscultation technique introduced by Hippocrates?

<p>To listen to heart sounds directly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stethoscope' derive from?

<p>Greek words meaning 'to view the chest' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fetal circulation from adult circulation?

<p>Use of umbilical cord for oxygen absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary artery supplying the right atrium?

<p>Right coronary artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cardiac structures is primarily supplied by the left coronary artery?

<p>Anterior wall of left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the cardiac output is represented by coronary blood flow at rest?

<p>5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which node is supplied by the right coronary artery in 80% of people?

<p>AV node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary venous return route for blood from the myocardium?

<p>Coronary sinus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coronary artery is often dominant in individuals for supplying the inferior wall of the left atrium?

<p>Left coronary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common feature is observed at the sites of coronary artery occlusion?

<p>They account for most occlusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical position correctly describes the orientation of the head and gaze?

<p>Head directed anteriorly with gaze also forward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the anatomical planes?

<p>To provide reference points for medical imaging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is indicated by the number 8 in the abdominal regions?

<p>Epigastric region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel is indicated by the arrow if it points to the left subclavian artery in an aortic angiogram?

<p>Right common carotid artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which anatomical plane does the frontal (coronal) plane lie?

<p>Vertical and perpendicular to the median plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the subcostal plane in anatomy?

<p>It divides the abdominal regions for organ identification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is located anterior to the left common carotid artery?

<p>Aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical region is typically painful in cases of appendicitis?

<p>Right iliac region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the pericardium?

<p>To cover and protect the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the pericardium is in direct contact with the heart?

<p>Visceral layer of serous pericardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of performing pericardiocentesis incorrectly?

<p>Puncture of the lung (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pericardial sinus is a blind ending passageway located on the posterior surface of the heart?

<p>Oblique pericardial sinus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when performing pericardiocentesis from the infrasternal angle?

<p>The internal thoracic artery and its branches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the fibrous pericardium?

<p>It serves as a protective layer around the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is utilized to avoid the lungs during pericardiocentesis?

<p>Subxiphoid approach under ultrasound guidance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pericardial sinus play in coronary artery surgery?

<p>It is used to access coronary arteries for bypass grafting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the position of the transverse pericardial sinus?

<p>Located posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature partially covers the atrial orifice of the coronary sinus?

<p>Thebesian valve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is prominently associated with the coronary sinus?

<p>It is the most prominent cardiac vein in diameter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the arterial vessels from the venous vessels in the heart?

<p>Transverse pericardial sinus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role does the coronary sinus play in the heart's physiology?

<p>It acts as a primary collector of cardiac venous blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomical Position

The standard reference point for describing the body's position and movement. It involves standing upright with arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet together, and toes pointing forward.

Anatomical Planes

Imaginary planes that divide the body into sections. They help us understand and describe the location of structures and organs.

Median Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A vertical plane that runs perpendicular to the Median Plane, dividing the body into front and back sections.

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Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

A horizontal plane that runs parallel to the floor, dividing the body into upper and lower sections.

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Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that runs parallel to the Median Plane, but can be positioned anywhere along the body.

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Aorta

The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It branches out into many smaller arteries.

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Aortic Dissection

A condition where the inner lining of the aorta tears, potentially causing blood to leak and blood flow disruption.

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Transverse Pericardial Sinus

A space located posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava, and superior to the left atrium. It separates the arterial vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk) from the venous vessels (superior vena cava, pulmonary veins) of the heart.

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Coronary Sinus

The primary collector of venous blood from the heart, located in the atrioventricular groove on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart.

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Fossa Ovalis

A small depression in the interatrial septum, the remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.

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Foramen Ovale

A small opening in the interatrial septum in the fetus that allows blood to bypass the lungs. It closes shortly after birth.

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Thebesian Valve

The valve at the opening of the coronary sinus into the right atrium.

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Crux Cordis

The point where the interventricular groove and coronary groove meet, located on the inferior region of the right atrial septum.

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Crista Terminalis

A prominent ridge in the right atrium, formed by the fusion of the septum primum and septum secundum during fetal development.

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Sulcus Terminalis

A groove marking the boundary between the smooth-walled, sinus venosus portion and the muscular, pectinate portion of the right atrium.

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Where do coronary arteries originate?

The right and left coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta, just above the aortic valve.

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What does the coronary circulation supply?

Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium), including the papillary muscles and conducting tissue.

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What is the dominance of the coronary circulation?

The majority (67%) of the heart receives blood supply from the right coronary artery, which branches to the right side of the heart and the inferior part of the left ventricle.

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What does the Left Coronary Artery supply?

The left coronary artery supplies the left ventricle, the left atrium, and the interventricular septum.

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Why is coronary circulation important?

The coronary circulation is a vital system that ensures the heart receives a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients.

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What is the primary venous drainage of the heart?

The coronary sinus is the major vein that drains the blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium.

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What is the major consequence of coronary artery occlusion?

Coronary artery occlusion, or blockage, is a major cause of heart attacks (myocardial infarction).

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What does the coronary circulation supply to the heart's electrical system?

The sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node, which control the heart's rhythm, are supplied by branches of the coronary arteries.

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Chordae Tendinae

Small, cord-like tendons that connect papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.

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Papillary Muscles

Muscles located inside the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the chordae tendinae, helping to prevent the atrioventricular valves from prolapsing back into the atria.

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Heart Valves

The flap-like structures that control blood flow between the chambers of the heart. There are two types: Atrioventricular (AV) valves and Semilunar valves.

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Heart Pumping Action (Systole and Diastole)

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body. Contraction of the heart muscle is called systole, and relaxation is called diastole.

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Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Located in the heart's ventricles, they prevent blood from flowing back into the atria during ventricular contraction.

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Semilunar Valves

Located at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery, they prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after contraction.

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Ligamentum Arteriosum

The thin, fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus, a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

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Anastomoses

The connections between vessels, like veins and arteries, that form an alternative pathway for blood flow.

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Right Atrium (RA) in Fetal Circulation

The point where oxygenated blood enters the heart from the mother through the placenta in a fetus.

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Pulmonary Trunk Resistance in Fetal Circulation

The high resistance in the pulmonary trunk during fetal development forces blood to bypass the lungs.

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Ductus Arteriosus

A vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in a fetus, closing shortly after birth.

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Auscultation

The act of listening to sounds within the body, often used to assess the health of the heart and lungs.

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What is the coronary sinus?

The coronary sinus is a large vein in the heart that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and returns it to the right atrium.

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Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

The great, middle, small cardiac veins, oblique vein of the left atrium, and left posterior ventricular vein are all veins in the heart that drain into the coronary sinus.

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Where do the anterior cardiac veins and venae cordis minimae drain?

The anterior cardiac veins and venae cordis minimae (thebesian veins) are veins in the heart that drain directly into the anterior wall of the right atrium.

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What is the azygos vein?

The azygos vein is a large vein in the chest that drains blood from the back, chest wall, and abdomen.

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What is a key characteristic of the azygos vein?

The azygos vein is unpaired and located on the right side of the vertebral column.

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What important role does the azygos vein play?

The azygos vein forms a collateral pathway between the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC).

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What is the hemi-azygos vein and how does it form?

The hemi-azygos vein is located on the left side and drains blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen. It is usually formed by roots arising from the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava and renal vein, which merge with the ascending lumbar vein.

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What is the thoracic duct?

The thoracic duct is a large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the body and connects to the left subclavian vein.

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Pericardium

A fibro-serous sac that encloses the heart and the beginnings of its great vessels.

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Middle Mediastinum

The middle mediastinum contains the heart, pericardium, and the roots of its great vessels (ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, and SVC).

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Layers of the Pericardium

The pericardium is a closed sac with two layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.

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Serous Pericardium

The serous pericardium is a thin membrane with two layers: the parietal layer (outer) and the visceral layer (inner).

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Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium

The innermost layer of the pericardium, also known as the visceral layer, is continuous with the epicardium of the heart.

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Pericardiocentesis

A procedure to drain fluid from the pericardial sac by inserting a needle through the chest.

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Pericardial Sinuses

Passageways formed by the unique way the pericardium folds around the great vessels. They are not the same as anatomical sinuses.

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Thoracic Duct

The main lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the body and connects to the left subclavian vein.

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Origin of Coronary Arteries

The right and left coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta, just above the aortic valve.

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What do coronary arteries supply?

The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium), including the papillary muscles and conducting tissue.

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Dominance of Coronary Circulation

The dominant coronary artery supplies blood to the majority of the heart's chambers. In most cases, this is the right coronary artery.

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Consequence of Coronary Artery Occlusion

Coronary artery occlusion, or blockage, is a major cause of heart attacks (myocardial infarction).

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Primary Venous Drainage of the Heart

The coronary sinus is the major vein that drains blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium.

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Veins Draining into the Coronary Sinus

The great, middle, small cardiac veins, oblique vein of the left atrium, and left posterior ventricular vein all drain into the coronary sinus.

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What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

The transverse pericardial sinus is a space located behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, in front of the superior vena cava, and above the left atrium. It separates the major heart vessels into arterial (aorta, pulmonary trunk) and venous (superior vena cava, pulmonary veins).

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What is the coronary sinus and where is it located?

The coronary sinus is the main venous collector of the heart, located in the atrioventricular groove on the heart's diaphragm side. It's the largest cardiac vein, emptying directly into the right atrium near the crux cordis.

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Where does the coronary sinus empty?

The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium near the crux cordis, which is where the interventricular and coronary grooves meet, and is located on the inferior region of the right atrial septum between the inferior vena cava and tricuspid valve.

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What is the fossa ovalis?

The fossa ovalis is a small depression found in the interatrial septum, which is the wall separating the heart's two atria. It's a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale, which allowed blood to bypass the lungs before birth.

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What is the crista terminalis?

The crista terminalis is a pronounced ridge in the right atrium. It marks the boundary between the smooth walled sinus venosus portion of the right atrium and the muscular, pectinate portion.

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What is the Thebesian valve?

The Thebesian valve is a small valve that partially covers the opening of the coronary sinus into the right atrium. It's quite variable in its anatomy.

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What is the sulcus terminalis?

The sulcus terminalis is a groove located in the right atrium that marks the division between the smooth-walled sinus venosus portion and the muscular pectinate portion of the right atrium.

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What is the trabecula septomarginalis?

The trabecula septomarginalis (moderator band) is a muscular band found in the right ventricle. It connects the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle, helping to conduct electrical signals in the heart.

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What is the importance of the azygos system?

The azygos system plays a vital role in providing alternative routes for blood flow, particularly in situations where the major veins are obstructed.

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What is the azygos system's role in blood circulation?

The azygos system is a group of veins that serve as a collateral pathway for blood flow, especially in situations where the major veins are blocked or compressed.

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Study Notes

Revisions

  • Professor Dr Panagiotis Karanis is the Professor and Director of Anatomy Centre at UNic Medical School.

Introduction to Anatomy

  • This is a course introduction to anatomy.

The anatomical position

  • The anatomical position describes the standard position for the body used as a reference during anatomical study and movement.
  • The head, eyes, and toes should be directed forward.
  • Arms should be to the side, with palms facing forward.
  • Legs should be close together and feet parallel.

Anatomical planes

  • Median: Vertical plane, dividing the body into left and right halves.
  • Frontal (Coronal): Vertical plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
  • Horizontal (Transverse): A plane parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
  • Sagittal: Vertical plane parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into left and right sections.

There are nine abdominal regions and four abdominal quadrants in the

  • There are 9 regions and 4 quadrants to help identify specific abdominal areas.
  • The regions and quadrants are used in differential diagnosis of abdominal pain.

Abdominal regions - descriptions

  • Right hypochondriac: below the ribs, cartilage of ribs
  • Epigastric: over, above, stomach, belly
  • Left hypochondriac: below, under, cartilage of ribs
  • Right lumbar: lumbar vertebra
  • Umbilical: navel
  • Left lumbar: lumbar vertebra
  • Right iliac: iliac crest (on hipbone)
  • Hypogastric: below, under, stomach, belly
  • Left iliac: iliac crest (on hipbone)

Why are these sub-divisions useful?

  • The sub-divisions help with differential diagnosis of abdominal pain by area.
  • Several conditions can cause pain from different abdominal regions.

Q: A patient complains...

  • The given image shows a grid for abdominal regions.
  • Question 2 refers to region 2; number 8 refers to the region known as the Right Iliac region.

Cardiovascular System

Aortic angiogram

  • An angiogram is used to investigate the aortic dissection.
  • The arrow in the angiogram points to the Left common carotid artery.

Coverings of the heart: pericardium

  • The pericardium is a layered sac surrounding the heart.
  • The layers are: fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium (and visceral layer of serous pericardium).

Layers of pericardium and heart wall

  • The pericardium has fibrous and serous layers.
  • Myocardium is the heart muscle.
  • Endocardium is the innermost lining.

Heart

  • The heart has multiple structures and components (listed in detail on image).

Pericardiocentesis

  • It is a procedure to remove fluid around the heart for treatment.
  • It is done by passing a needle from the infrasternal angle, supero-posteriorly, in the 5th or 6th intercostal space on the left side.
  • The needle should be aimed away from lungs and pleura.

Pericardial sinuses

  • There are oblique and transverse pericardial sinuses.
  • The transverse pericardial sinus is positioned behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and ahead of the superior vena cava.

Right atrium

  • The right atrium includes: Right auricle, Superior vena cava, SA node, AV node, Interatrial septum, Fossa ovalis, Coronal sinus, Inferior vena cava, Crista terminalis, Sulcus terminalis, Pectinate muscle.

Coronary sinus

  • It's a major vein in the heart.
  • It empties directly into the right atrium near the inferior vena cava and tricuspid valve.

Right ventricle

  • The right ventricle consists of Atrioventricular groove, Tricuspid valve, Chordae tendineae, Papillary muscles, Interventricular septum, Trabeculae carneae, Trabecula septomarginalis (moderator band), Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary trunk.

Chordae tendinae

  • Cord-like tendons connecting papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.
  • They prevent the eversion of heart valves during ventricular contraction.

Q: A patient undergoes...

  • The pin in the image points to the Middle cardiac vein.

Azygos

  • It is a major systemic vein located near vertebral bodies.

Auscultation

  • It's listening to sounds of the heart or lungs using a stethoscope.

Surface projections of heart valves

  • Different valves of the heart have specific locations that can be used during an exam.
  • Their location is usually associated with intercostal spaces and areas to the left/right side of sternums.

5 Areas for listening...

  • There are 5 areas on the chest where heart sounds are best heard.
  • Each area relates to a specific valve (tricuspid, aortic, mitral, pulmonic, etc..).

Fetal Circulation

  • During fetal development, the circulatory system has temporary structures not found in the adult circulatory system
  • These include the ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and ductus venosus to regulate blood flow to and around the lungs.

Coronary Arteries

  • The coronary arteries provide blood to the heart.
  • They arise from parts of the aorta.
  • They branch and supply different parts of the heart muscle.

Coronary Arteries Distribution

  • The right coronary artery (RCA) typically dominates blood supply to the right side of the heart.
  • The left coronary artery (LCA) generally supplies the left side and septum of the heart.

Coronary Artery Occlusion

  • Common areas where occlusions of the coronary arteries occur.
  • These can lead to myocardial infarction.

Blood supply to conducting system

  • Special arteries supply heart's conductive system.
  • These branches from the LCA and RCA help conduct electricity necessary for heart function.

Cardiac Veins

  • There are many cardiac veins that help collect blood draining from the heart wall.
  • The majority of cardiac veins drain to the coronary sinus, which then empties into the right atrium.

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Revision I 11 12 2024 Human Anatomy PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on coronary circulation and anatomy with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as venous return mechanisms, coronary blood flow percentages, and artery dominance. Ideal for medical students and professionals looking to reinforce their understanding of cardiovascular physiology.

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