231 Intro to CV

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What does Class II cardiac symptom indicate regarding physical activity?

Slight limitation of physical activity (correct)

Symptoms only during high-intensity sports

Complete symptom resolution at rest

Inability to perform any physical activity without discomfort

How does the degree of customary physical activity affect the interpretation of dyspnea symptoms?

Symptoms are less significant in highly active individuals.

Symptom significance is only based on frequency.

Higher activity levels may indicate a worse prognosis. (correct)

It has no effect on interpretation.

Which component is crucial in evaluating a patient with symptoms of heart failure?

The patient's age and gender

Type of physical activity performed

Detailed consideration of the therapeutic regimen (correct)

Duration of episodes without treatment

What is the significance of dyspnea developing after two flights of stairs in a well-conditioned marathon runner?

It suggests greater functional impairment than expected. Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated in cases of persistent edema and breathlessness in heart failure patients on diuretics?

Potential worsening of cardiovascular health Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the nature of most heart murmurs in asymptomatic children or young adults?

They are typically benign and soft (grades I–II/VI). Signup and view all the answers

Which type of echocardiography is indicated for patients with loud systolic murmurs grade III/VI or higher?

Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a patient shows no evidence of cardiovascular disease but has risk factors for ischemic heart disease?

Development of a risk reduction plan and follow-up assessments. Signup and view all the answers

Familial clustering of cardiovascular diseases is thought to be related to which factors?

Dietary habits and lifestyle behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of a holosystolic murmur?

It is present throughout the entire systole. Signup and view all the answers

What might result from constant medical attention to a benign heart murmur?

Increased concern about potential heart disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding echocardiography in patients with midsystolic murmurs evaluated as grades I–II/VI?

Echocardiography is generally not required. Signup and view all the answers

Excessive ingestion of which substance is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in familial clustering?

Salt and calories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for evaluating asymptomatic patients with severe valvular heart disease?

Every 6 to 12 months Signup and view all the answers

What might early signs of deterioration in ventricular function indicate?

Need for surgical treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions should be recognized by a noncardiologist as important cardiac manifestations?

Mitral stenosis and transient atrial arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

In considering treatment for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), what should practice guidelines emphasize?

Deciding the form of treatment (medical, percutaneous, or surgical) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of increased subspecialization in internal medicine?

Decreased recognition of systemic illness manifestations Signup and view all the answers

Which group may employ mechanical revascularization too frequently?

The United States Signup and view all the answers

Which systemic illness requires consideration of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale?

Scleroderma Signup and view all the answers

What practice is suggested to prevent irreversible myocardial damage in patients with deteriorating ventricular function?

Prompt evaluation for surgical treatment Signup and view all the answers

Why might the surgical treatment of cardiovascular issues become excessively risky?

Delayed recognition of critical symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding treatment for coronary artery disease?

Surgical revascularization is always the first choice Signup and view all the answers

What condition is most frequently associated with dysfunction of the coronary microcirculation in women?

Coronary artery disease Signup and view all the answers

Which factor appears to play a more prominent role in women's development of coronary atherosclerosis compared to men's?

Metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology tends to have a lower diagnostic accuracy for predicting epicardial obstruction in women compared to men?

Exercise electrocardiography Signup and view all the answers

What symptom pattern is characteristic of patients with heart disease during exertion?

Symptoms worsen Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of deaths secondary to cardiovascular disease is higher in women compared to men?

43% Signup and view all the answers

What has happened to the absolute number of deaths secondary to cardiovascular disease in women in recent decades?

It has increased Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with serious cardiac arrhythmias?

Chronic respiratory issues Signup and view all the answers

What demographic was traditionally thought to have higher rates of cardiovascular disease?

Middle-aged men Signup and view all the answers

During a clinical examination, what is important to assess to determine if heart disease is responsible for symptoms?

Relation of symptoms to exertion Signup and view all the answers

What describes the changes in myocardial function that women may experience during exertion?

May be inadequate Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for early intervention in valvular heart disease or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?

Echocardiographic examination Signup and view all the answers

What factors can contribute to the underlying etiology of heart disease?

Congenital, hypertensive, ischemic, or inflammatory origins Signup and view all the answers

Which class of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification denotes no limitation of physical activity?

Class I Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to assess the severity of functional impairment in heart disease patients?

Activity levels and performance rate Signup and view all the answers

In conditions like chronic heart failure, what symptoms often increase gradually over time?

Gradually increasing dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormality may be identified in the chambers of the heart affected by valvular heart disease?

Both hypertrophied and dilated chambers Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms are not sufficient to explain the severity of a patient's heart condition?

Complaints of dyspnea without context of activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of abnormal valves in the context of heart disease?

They may worsen throughout the course of the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible chronic condition that might manifest due to valvular heart disease?

Chronic heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for determining the severity of heart disease symptoms?

Assessing subjective feelings of well-being Signup and view all the answers