Cardiology Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does ST segment elevation indicate in the context of cardiac events?

Myocardial ischemia or infarction (correct)
Reduced cardiac output
Stable angina only
Normal cardiac function

Which of the following is a primary symptom of unstable angina?

Episodic chest pain relieved by rest
Chest pain only during physical exertion
Persistent chest pain that lasts longer than 15 minutes (correct)
No chest pain, only shortness of breath

Which of the following best describes a hypetensive emergency?

Elevated blood pressure with mild headaches
Transient increases in blood pressure during stress
Severe blood pressure elevation leading to organ damage (correct)
Blood pressure readings that normalize with medication

Which antihypertensive agent class should not be used together due to potential complications?

ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the pathophysiology of heart failure is correct?

Heart failure can be primarily caused by hypertension. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Essential hypertension is a type of hypertension that has a known cause.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Diuretics are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Atrioventricular fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia that affects the heart's pumping efficiency.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Adverse effects of antihypertensive medications are not a concern for patients undergoing treatment.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Unstable angina is characterized by predictable episodes of chest pain.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Describe the pathophysiology of angina pectoris and its primary symptoms.

Angina pectoris is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain. Symptoms typically include discomfort in the chest, which may radiate to the arms, neck, or jaw, often triggered by physical exertion or stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between essential and secondary hypertension?

Essential hypertension has no identifiable cause and accounts for the majority of cases, while secondary hypertension is due to a specific underlying condition, such as kidney disease. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common adverse effects associated with diuretics used in hypertension treatment?

Common adverse effects of diuretics include electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and increased urination. They can also lead to dizziness and hypotension in some patients. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the potential complications of untreated hypertension.

Untreated hypertension can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, kidney damage, and vision loss. These conditions stem from the chronic strain high blood pressure places on blood vessels and organs. Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a hypertensive emergency is and how it differs from hypertensive urgency.

A hypertensive emergency involves severely elevated blood pressure that leads to acute organ damage, while hypertensive urgency has high blood pressure without immediate organ damage. Both require immediate medical attention. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What does ST segment elevation indicate?

ST segment elevation on an electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates that there is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, causing damage.

What is angina pectoris and what are its symptoms?

Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Symptoms include pressure, tightness, or squeezing in the chest, often radiating to the jaw, arms, or back. These symptoms can be triggered by exertion, stress, or cold weather.

What is unstable angina?

Unstable angina is a more severe form of angina that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion. It indicates a higher risk of heart attack and requires urgent medical attention.

What is hypertension?

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high. This can damage blood vessels and lead to heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure.