Cardio Vascular Drugs Overview
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Questions and Answers

A new drug is developed with a lethal dose significantly higher than its effective dose. What does this indicate regarding its margin of safety?

  • The drug has a high margin of safety, reducing the risk of toxicity at therapeutic doses. (correct)
  • The drug has a narrow margin of safety, requiring careful monitoring.
  • The drug's effective dose will need to be increased over time.
  • The drug is likely to cause significant side effects even at low doses.

    • Pancuronium is administered to a patient. What is the primary mechanism of action of this neuromuscular blocker?

  • Reversing the breakdown of acetylcholine
  • Blocking acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased acetylcholine levels.
  • Inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals.
  • Competing with acetylcholine for receptor sites on muscle cells. (correct)

    • A patient is experiencing a heart block. Which class of drugs would be MOST appropriate to increase the conduction of myocardial electrical impulses?

  • Positive dromotropic drugs (correct)
  • Negative dromotropic drugs
  • Negative inotropic drugs
  • Negative chronotropic drugs

    • A veterinarian wants to decrease the heart rate of a patient. Which class of drugs would be MOST appropriate?

    <p>Negative chronotropic drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of a negative inotropic drug on cardiac function?

    <p>Decreases the force of myocardial contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dog is diagnosed with ventricular arrhythmia. Considering its mechanism of action, which drug is MOST likely to be prescribed?

    <p>Quinidine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is suffering from ventricular tachycardia. Which drug listed is most appropriate to treat this condition?

    <p>Tocainide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cat is experiencing a high heart rate due to sinus node dysfunction. Which drug should be administered with caution?

    <p>Sotalol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is diagnosed with hypertension. Which class of medications would be the MOST appropriate to treat this condition?

    <p>Vasodilators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient requires an emergency blood transfusion but is at risk of forming blood clots. What type of drug needs to be administered alongside a blood transfusion?

    <p>Anticoagulants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a stressful event, which physiological response is MOST directly related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Enhanced &quot;fight or flight&quot; response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is MOST associated with the parasympathetic nervous system's function of conserving energy?

    <p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A veterinarian prescribes a sympatholytic drug for a dog. What is the MOST likely intended effect of this medication?

    <p>To inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug is described as parasympathomimetic. What physiological effects would you LEAST expect to observe in an animal treated with this drug?

    <p>Increased heart rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter system does Diazepam primarily modulate to produce its calming effects?

    <p>GABA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pentobarbital is MOST commonly used for what purpose in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Euthanasia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acepromazine is administered to a dog before a car ride. Which effects are MOST expected to occur after administration?

    <p>Sedation and prevention of vomiting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides sedation, what additional therapeutic effect makes Xylazine useful in treating horses?

    <p>Treatment of GI pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dexmedetomidine is prescribed for a cat undergoing a minor surgical procedure. What are the TWO primary effects of this drug?

    <p>Sedation and analgesia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dog is receiving phenobarbital to control seizures. What blood tests should be regularly monitored and why?

    <p>Drug blood levels and liver function tests, to ensure therapeutic levels and monitor for hepatic side effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    High Margin of Safety

    A situation where the lethal dose is greater than the effective dose, ensuring safety in drug use.

    Pancuronium

    A neuromuscular blocker that competes with acetylcholine for receptor sites, needing a reversal agent for muscle function restoration.

    Positive Dromotropic Drugs

    Drugs that increase conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, often used for treating heart block.

    Negative Dromotropic Drugs

    Drugs that decrease conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, used to treat AV block.

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    Positive Chronotropic Drugs

    Drugs that increase heart rate, commonly used in cases of bradycardia.

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    Negative Inotropic Drugs

    Drugs that decrease the force of myocardial contraction, often used for hypertension.

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    Quinidine

    A drug that increases conduction time and is used to treat ventricular arrhythmias.

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    Lidocaine

    A drug that increases conduction time, used primarily for ventricular tachycardia treatment.

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    Vasodilator

    Drugs that open constricted blood vessels, easing heart's workload.

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    Heparin

    An anticoagulant that stops the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, commonly used in blood tests and transfusions.

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    Sympathetic Nervous System

    Responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.

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    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    Uses acetylcholine and conserves energy in the body.

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    Sympatholytic

    Drugs that inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

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    Parasympathomimetic

    Drugs that mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

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    Diazepam

    A drug that acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA.

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    Mucolytics

    Drugs that thin mucus to ease wet coughs.

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    Expectorants

    Drugs that increase secretion of mucus to aid in expulsion.

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    Phenylephrine

    Decongestant that enhances respiration but raises blood pressure.

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    Acetylcysteine

    Mucolytic drug used for acetaminophen toxicity in pets.

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    Dexmedetomidine

    Drug used for sedation and analgesia.

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    Study Notes

    Cardio Vascular Drugs

    • High Margin of Safety: Lethal dose is greater than the effective dose.
    • Pancuronium: Neuromuscular blocker that competes with acetylcholine for receptor sites, needing a reversal agent.
    • Positive Dromotropic Drugs: Increase myocardial electrical impulse conduction, used to treat heart block.
    • Negative Dromotropic Drugs: Decrease myocardial electrical impulse conduction, used to treat AV block.
    • Positive Chronotropic Drugs: Increase heart rate, used to treat bradycardia.
    • Negative Inotropic Drugs: Decrease the force of myocardial contraction, used in hypertension treatment.

    Membrane Stabilizers

    • Quinidine: Increases conduction time, used to treat ventricular arrhythmias.
    • Tocainide: Increases conduction time, used to treat ventricular tachycardia.
    • Lidocaine: Increases conduction time, used to treat ventricular tachycardia. Cat sensitive due to CNS effects.

    Other Drugs and Comparisons

    • Sotolol, Amiodarone, Bretylium: Reduce sinus rate, used to treat ventricular arrhythmias.
    • Diltiazem, Verapamil: Reduce spontaneous depolarization, used to treat ventricular tachycardia.
    • Vasodilator: Opens constricted blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood.

    Anticoagulants

    • Heparin: Stops the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, used in blood tests or transfusions.

    Hemostatic Drugs

    • Hemostatic Drugs: Stop bleeding by promoting clotting.
    • Examples: Silver Nitrate + Gel foam, Vitamin K + Protamine Sulfate.

    Blood Enhancing Drugs

    • Erythropoietin: Natural protein produced by kidneys for red blood cell production, iron is a nutritional supplement.

    Nervous System

    • Sympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Energy-saving division of the autonomic nervous system; Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter.
    • Sympatholytic (Adrenergic Blocking) Drugs: Inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
    • Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Drugs: Mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
    • Diazepam: A drug, its details are not specified.
    • Pentobarbital: Barbiturate used in euthanasia solutions.
    • Acepromazine: Sedative and antiemetic drug.
    • Xylazine: Sedative and antiemetic drug used for pain relief in horses.
    • Dexmedetomidine: Sedative and analgesic drug.
    • Doxapram: Treatment for respiratory depression or arrest.

    Respiratory Drugs

    • Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine receptors to prevent bronchoconstriction.
    • Acetylcysteine: Mucolytic drug, used to treat acetaminophen toxicity in pets.
    • Mucolytics: Treat excessive mucus by liquefying it.
    • Expectorants: Increase mucus fluid, improving mucus expulsion.
    • Phenylephrine: Decongestant that enhances respiration by decreasing nasal passage blockage. Avoid in hypertension or tachycardia.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the various classes of cardiovascular drugs, including their mechanisms, effects, and specific applications. From neuromuscular blockers to membrane stabilizers, test your knowledge on these crucial medications that impact heart health. Ideal for students and professionals in the medical field.

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