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Questions and Answers
A new drug is developed with a lethal dose significantly higher than its effective dose. What does this indicate regarding its margin of safety?
A new drug is developed with a lethal dose significantly higher than its effective dose. What does this indicate regarding its margin of safety?
- The drug has a high margin of safety, reducing the risk of toxicity at therapeutic doses. (correct)
- The drug has a narrow margin of safety, requiring careful monitoring.
- The drug's effective dose will need to be increased over time.
- The drug is likely to cause significant side effects even at low doses.
Pancuronium is administered to a patient. What is the primary mechanism of action of this neuromuscular blocker?
Pancuronium is administered to a patient. What is the primary mechanism of action of this neuromuscular blocker?
- Reversing the breakdown of acetylcholine
- Blocking acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased acetylcholine levels.
- Inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals.
- Competing with acetylcholine for receptor sites on muscle cells. (correct)
A patient is experiencing a heart block. Which class of drugs would be MOST appropriate to increase the conduction of myocardial electrical impulses?
A patient is experiencing a heart block. Which class of drugs would be MOST appropriate to increase the conduction of myocardial electrical impulses?
- Positive dromotropic drugs (correct)
- Negative dromotropic drugs
- Negative inotropic drugs
- Negative chronotropic drugs
A veterinarian wants to decrease the heart rate of a patient. Which class of drugs would be MOST appropriate?
A veterinarian wants to decrease the heart rate of a patient. Which class of drugs would be MOST appropriate?
Which of the following best describes the effect of a negative inotropic drug on cardiac function?
Which of the following best describes the effect of a negative inotropic drug on cardiac function?
A dog is diagnosed with ventricular arrhythmia. Considering its mechanism of action, which drug is MOST likely to be prescribed?
A dog is diagnosed with ventricular arrhythmia. Considering its mechanism of action, which drug is MOST likely to be prescribed?
A patient is suffering from ventricular tachycardia. Which drug listed is most appropriate to treat this condition?
A patient is suffering from ventricular tachycardia. Which drug listed is most appropriate to treat this condition?
A cat is experiencing a high heart rate due to sinus node dysfunction. Which drug should be administered with caution?
A cat is experiencing a high heart rate due to sinus node dysfunction. Which drug should be administered with caution?
A patient is diagnosed with hypertension. Which class of medications would be the MOST appropriate to treat this condition?
A patient is diagnosed with hypertension. Which class of medications would be the MOST appropriate to treat this condition?
A patient requires an emergency blood transfusion but is at risk of forming blood clots. What type of drug needs to be administered alongside a blood transfusion?
A patient requires an emergency blood transfusion but is at risk of forming blood clots. What type of drug needs to be administered alongside a blood transfusion?
During a stressful event, which physiological response is MOST directly related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
During a stressful event, which physiological response is MOST directly related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is MOST associated with the parasympathetic nervous system's function of conserving energy?
Which neurotransmitter is MOST associated with the parasympathetic nervous system's function of conserving energy?
A veterinarian prescribes a sympatholytic drug for a dog. What is the MOST likely intended effect of this medication?
A veterinarian prescribes a sympatholytic drug for a dog. What is the MOST likely intended effect of this medication?
A drug is described as parasympathomimetic. What physiological effects would you LEAST expect to observe in an animal treated with this drug?
A drug is described as parasympathomimetic. What physiological effects would you LEAST expect to observe in an animal treated with this drug?
Which neurotransmitter system does Diazepam primarily modulate to produce its calming effects?
Which neurotransmitter system does Diazepam primarily modulate to produce its calming effects?
Pentobarbital is MOST commonly used for what purpose in veterinary medicine?
Pentobarbital is MOST commonly used for what purpose in veterinary medicine?
Acepromazine is administered to a dog before a car ride. Which effects are MOST expected to occur after administration?
Acepromazine is administered to a dog before a car ride. Which effects are MOST expected to occur after administration?
Besides sedation, what additional therapeutic effect makes Xylazine useful in treating horses?
Besides sedation, what additional therapeutic effect makes Xylazine useful in treating horses?
Dexmedetomidine is prescribed for a cat undergoing a minor surgical procedure. What are the TWO primary effects of this drug?
Dexmedetomidine is prescribed for a cat undergoing a minor surgical procedure. What are the TWO primary effects of this drug?
A dog is receiving phenobarbital to control seizures. What blood tests should be regularly monitored and why?
A dog is receiving phenobarbital to control seizures. What blood tests should be regularly monitored and why?
Flashcards
High Margin of Safety
High Margin of Safety
A situation where the lethal dose is greater than the effective dose, ensuring safety in drug use.
Pancuronium
Pancuronium
A neuromuscular blocker that competes with acetylcholine for receptor sites, needing a reversal agent for muscle function restoration.
Positive Dromotropic Drugs
Positive Dromotropic Drugs
Drugs that increase conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, often used for treating heart block.
Negative Dromotropic Drugs
Negative Dromotropic Drugs
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Positive Chronotropic Drugs
Positive Chronotropic Drugs
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Negative Inotropic Drugs
Negative Inotropic Drugs
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Quinidine
Quinidine
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Lidocaine
Lidocaine
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Vasodilator
Vasodilator
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Heparin
Heparin
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Sympatholytic
Sympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic
Parasympathomimetic
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Diazepam
Diazepam
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Mucolytics
Mucolytics
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Expectorants
Expectorants
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Phenylephrine
Phenylephrine
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Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine
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Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine
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Study Notes
Cardio Vascular Drugs
- High Margin of Safety: Lethal dose is greater than the effective dose.
- Pancuronium: Neuromuscular blocker that competes with acetylcholine for receptor sites, needing a reversal agent.
- Positive Dromotropic Drugs: Increase myocardial electrical impulse conduction, used to treat heart block.
- Negative Dromotropic Drugs: Decrease myocardial electrical impulse conduction, used to treat AV block.
- Positive Chronotropic Drugs: Increase heart rate, used to treat bradycardia.
- Negative Inotropic Drugs: Decrease the force of myocardial contraction, used in hypertension treatment.
Membrane Stabilizers
- Quinidine: Increases conduction time, used to treat ventricular arrhythmias.
- Tocainide: Increases conduction time, used to treat ventricular tachycardia.
- Lidocaine: Increases conduction time, used to treat ventricular tachycardia. Cat sensitive due to CNS effects.
Other Drugs and Comparisons
- Sotolol, Amiodarone, Bretylium: Reduce sinus rate, used to treat ventricular arrhythmias.
- Diltiazem, Verapamil: Reduce spontaneous depolarization, used to treat ventricular tachycardia.
- Vasodilator: Opens constricted blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood.
Anticoagulants
- Heparin: Stops the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, used in blood tests or transfusions.
Hemostatic Drugs
- Hemostatic Drugs: Stop bleeding by promoting clotting.
- Examples: Silver Nitrate + Gel foam, Vitamin K + Protamine Sulfate.
Blood Enhancing Drugs
- Erythropoietin: Natural protein produced by kidneys for red blood cell production, iron is a nutritional supplement.
Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Energy-saving division of the autonomic nervous system; Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter.
- Sympatholytic (Adrenergic Blocking) Drugs: Inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
- Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Drugs: Mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Diazepam: A drug, its details are not specified.
- Pentobarbital: Barbiturate used in euthanasia solutions.
- Acepromazine: Sedative and antiemetic drug.
- Xylazine: Sedative and antiemetic drug used for pain relief in horses.
- Dexmedetomidine: Sedative and analgesic drug.
- Doxapram: Treatment for respiratory depression or arrest.
Respiratory Drugs
- Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine receptors to prevent bronchoconstriction.
- Acetylcysteine: Mucolytic drug, used to treat acetaminophen toxicity in pets.
- Mucolytics: Treat excessive mucus by liquefying it.
- Expectorants: Increase mucus fluid, improving mucus expulsion.
- Phenylephrine: Decongestant that enhances respiration by decreasing nasal passage blockage. Avoid in hypertension or tachycardia.
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