Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the composition of the intima, the innermost layer of arteries and veins?
What is the composition of the intima, the innermost layer of arteries and veins?
- Smooth muscle and elastin
- Multiple layers of endothelial cells
- Supporting connective tissue
- A single layer of endothelial cells (correct)
What determines the permeability of capillaries?
What determines the permeability of capillaries?
- Thickness of the media layer
- Composition of the adventitia
- Tightness of the endothelial cell junctions (correct)
- Presence of smooth muscle
What gives resistance to the flow of blood through arteries and generates pressure?
What gives resistance to the flow of blood through arteries and generates pressure?
- Presence of valves
- Elasticity of the adventitia
- Thickness of the media layer
- Tonic contraction of smooth muscle (correct)
Why are veins sometimes called 'capacitance vessels'?
Why are veins sometimes called 'capacitance vessels'?
What does compliance refer to in the context of blood vessels?
What does compliance refer to in the context of blood vessels?
Which vessels are known as 'capacitance vessels'?
Which vessels are known as 'capacitance vessels'?
What is the composition of the media, or middle layer, of arteries and veins?
What is the composition of the media, or middle layer, of arteries and veins?
What is the primary time when blood flows through coronary arteries?
What is the primary time when blood flows through coronary arteries?
How does more diastolic time affect blood flow to the myocardium?
How does more diastolic time affect blood flow to the myocardium?
What effect does more diastolic time have on ventricular filling?
What effect does more diastolic time have on ventricular filling?
How does increased diastolic time affect preload and stroke volume (SV)?
How does increased diastolic time affect preload and stroke volume (SV)?
In an athlete, what effect does increased diastolic time have on maximal heart rate (HR) for performance?
In an athlete, what effect does increased diastolic time have on maximal heart rate (HR) for performance?
How much can Person A, an Olympic athlete, increase their cardiac output (CO) due to only the increase in HR?
How much can Person A, an Olympic athlete, increase their cardiac output (CO) due to only the increase in HR?
How much can Person B, not an athlete, increase their CO due to only the increase in HR?
How much can Person B, not an athlete, increase their CO due to only the increase in HR?
What is the resting HR of Person A, the Olympic athlete?
What is the resting HR of Person A, the Olympic athlete?
What is the resting HR of Person B, who is not an athlete?
What is the resting HR of Person B, who is not an athlete?
What influences stroke volume?
What influences stroke volume?
In which part of a vessel does laminar flow occur?
In which part of a vessel does laminar flow occur?
What can turbulent flow lead to?
What can turbulent flow lead to?
What primarily alters blood flow in the vascular system?
What primarily alters blood flow in the vascular system?
What is cardiac output influenced by?
What is cardiac output influenced by?
What is resistance determined by?
What is resistance determined by?
What determines stroke volume (SV) through the Frank-Starling law?
What determines stroke volume (SV) through the Frank-Starling law?
What is the primary factor affecting contractility?
What is the primary factor affecting contractility?
What determines afterload?
What determines afterload?
What primarily regulates blood pressure through vasoconstriction?
What primarily regulates blood pressure through vasoconstriction?
What regulates blood pressure through negative feedback reflex?
What regulates blood pressure through negative feedback reflex?
What strengthens the heart muscle, increasing contractility and stroke volume even at rest?
What strengthens the heart muscle, increasing contractility and stroke volume even at rest?
What can lead to a lower resting heart rate and increased stroke volume at normal blood pressure?
What can lead to a lower resting heart rate and increased stroke volume at normal blood pressure?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Physiology Summary
- End-diastolic volume (EDV) determines stroke volume (SV) through the Frank-Starling law
- The force of heart contraction is proportional to initial sarcomere length (preload) and ventricle muscle stretch
- SV can be adjusted based on venous return, but overstretching limits effective contractions
- Factors affecting SV include venous return, contractility, and afterload
- Contractility is independent of preload and can be affected by heart damage, hypoxia, and Ca++ availability
- Afterload is determined by arterial resistance and affects heart workload and oxygen demand
- Heart workload increases with factors that increase heart rate, preload, contractility, or afterload
- Heart rate is primarily determined by the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- The sympathetic nervous system regulates blood pressure through vasoconstriction, while the parasympathetic system has little effect on vascular tone
- Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch regulate blood pressure through negative feedback reflex
- Athletic training strengthens the heart muscle, increasing contractility and stroke volume even at rest
- Elevated contractility can lead to a lower resting heart rate and increased stroke volume at normal blood pressure
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