Pathophysiology Exam 4
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Questions and Answers

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the action potential of the SA node?

  • It decreases the depolarization rate.
  • It accelerates the action potential firing rate. (correct)
  • It increases the threshold potential.
  • It causes a negative chronotropic effect.
  • Which condition leads to an increased resting membrane potential (RMP)?

  • Acidosis
  • Hypokalemia (correct)
  • Dehydration
  • Hyperkalemia
  • What is the conduction rate of the AV node in m/s?

  • 2
  • 1
  • 0.5
  • 0.05 (correct)
  • What is the role of epinephrine in relation to the SA node?

    <p>It enhances the pace of the SA node by acting like norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause negative chronotropic effects?

    <p>Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does depolarization have on the membrane potential of cardiomyocytes?

    <p>It flips the membrane to a positive potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart initiates the depolarization wave?

    <p>SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the AV node being slow conducting tissue?

    <p>It causes a flatline in the ECG baseline during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the peak of the ventricular septal depolarization to show a negative deflection?

    <p>The depolarization moving from left to right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is atrial repolarization not visually represented in the ECG?

    <p>It coincides with ventricular depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the specialized anatomy described?

    <p>To pump blood throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intercalated disks play in the heart's function?

    <p>They connect myocytes together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component strengthens the connections between heart muscle cells?

    <p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of junctions are responsible for electrical connections in cardiac tissue?

    <p>Gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for cardiac muscle cells to depolarize in a specific order?

    <p>To ensure coordinated contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the smooth, slippery structure surrounding the heart?

    <p>To prevent the heart from getting stuck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood do veins primarily return to the heart?

    <p>Deoxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the conduction system of the heart play?

    <p>Coordinates electrical impulses for contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of cardiac troponin (cTn) in the serum indicate?

    <p>Cellular damage and severe pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for causing Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)?

    <p>Coronary thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of myocardial infarction is associated with the most severe ischemic damage?

    <p>Transmural infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are significant in determining the severity of EKG changes in ACS?

    <p>Size of the thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the endocardium more vulnerable to ischemia compared to the epicardium?

    <p>It is less well perfused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs due to vessel occlusion in ACS?

    <p>Decreased oxygen delivery to cardiac tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical direction of blood perfusion in coronary arteries?

    <p>From epicardium to endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of ACS?

    <p>Improved exercise tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ST elevation in an EKG indicate?

    <p>A transmural infarct (STEMI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which EKG change is associated with a non-STEMI?

    <p>ST depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the EKG trace begin with a positive deflection during subendocardial infarcts?

    <p>Positive charge is moving toward the electrode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'true baseline' EKG represent?

    <p>Complete depolarization of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom led the EMT to suspect a heart attack in Art?

    <p>Crushing substernal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Art given oxygen during his emergency treatment?

    <p>To increase blood flow to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Art being pale and sweaty?

    <p>Helps confirm a heart attack suspicion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of starting an IV for Art?

    <p>To administer fluids and medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic EKG alteration in atrial flutter?

    <p>Saw tooth P waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of re-entry in the ventricles, which tissue is considered susceptible?

    <p>Ventricular myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary method is suggested to treat paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)?

    <p>Changing the automaticity of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to conduction and re-entry during ischemia?

    <p>Conduction slows down, creating reentrant loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sustained tachycardia, what effect does uncoordinated stimulation have on the ventricular QRS?

    <p>Wide QRS complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atrial rate typically seen in atrial flutter?

    <p>300 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by damaged tissue conducting signals retrograde?

    <p>STEMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is mentioned as a beta-blocker for treating supraventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

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