Podcast
Questions and Answers
What initiates the electrical impulses in the heart's conduction system?
What initiates the electrical impulses in the heart's conduction system?
What is the resting potential of the cell membrane of pacemaker cells?
What is the resting potential of the cell membrane of pacemaker cells?
Which channels open during the depolarization phase of pacemaker cells?
Which channels open during the depolarization phase of pacemaker cells?
What occurs during the repolarization phase of pacemaker cells?
What occurs during the repolarization phase of pacemaker cells?
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What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on heart action potentials?
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on heart action potentials?
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What is the primary characteristic of pacemaker cells compared to other cardiac myocytes?
What is the primary characteristic of pacemaker cells compared to other cardiac myocytes?
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During which phase does rapid depolarization occur in nodal cardiac myocytes?
During which phase does rapid depolarization occur in nodal cardiac myocytes?
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Which channel is primarily responsible for the slow depolarization phase in pacemaker cells?
Which channel is primarily responsible for the slow depolarization phase in pacemaker cells?
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What is the primary consequence of systemic hypoperfusion in hypoxic stroke?
What is the primary consequence of systemic hypoperfusion in hypoxic stroke?
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Which mechanism leads to cell swelling and death from sodium buildup?
Which mechanism leads to cell swelling and death from sodium buildup?
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In which zone of hypoxic stroke is brain tissue most likely to die within a few minutes?
In which zone of hypoxic stroke is brain tissue most likely to die within a few minutes?
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What typically causes intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)?
What typically causes intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)?
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Which symptom is most associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?
Which symptom is most associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?
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What is a potential complication following subarachnoid hemorrhage related to vascular issues?
What is a potential complication following subarachnoid hemorrhage related to vascular issues?
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What medication is given to prevent vasospasm after a hemorrhagic stroke?
What medication is given to prevent vasospasm after a hemorrhagic stroke?
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What term is used to describe the area surrounding the ischemic core that may still have a chance for survival?
What term is used to describe the area surrounding the ischemic core that may still have a chance for survival?
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What is the primary function of the left coronary artery (LCA)?
What is the primary function of the left coronary artery (LCA)?
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Which segment of the heart is primarily affected by an occlusion in the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)?
Which segment of the heart is primarily affected by an occlusion in the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)?
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What cardiac event can result from a blockage in the Left Coronary Artery (LCA)?
What cardiac event can result from a blockage in the Left Coronary Artery (LCA)?
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Which EKG finding is associated with an occlusion of the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)?
Which EKG finding is associated with an occlusion of the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a complication of an anterior wall infarction from LAD occlusion?
Which of the following is NOT a complication of an anterior wall infarction from LAD occlusion?
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In which leads can ST elevation indicate a lateral wall infarction due to an occluded Left Circumflex Artery (LCx)?
In which leads can ST elevation indicate a lateral wall infarction due to an occluded Left Circumflex Artery (LCx)?
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What is the primary indication of a regular cardiac rhythm?
What is the primary indication of a regular cardiac rhythm?
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What significant arrhythmias may arise from complications associated with LAD occlusion?
What significant arrhythmias may arise from complications associated with LAD occlusion?
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What is observed during the isovolumetric contraction phase?
What is observed during the isovolumetric contraction phase?
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What is a notable complication linked to posterior infarctions from RCA occlusions?
What is a notable complication linked to posterior infarctions from RCA occlusions?
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What is the consequence of electrolyte disturbances on cardiac function?
What is the consequence of electrolyte disturbances on cardiac function?
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During which phase does the aortic valve close, resulting in the S2 heart sound?
During which phase does the aortic valve close, resulting in the S2 heart sound?
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Where does the pressure-volume loop start in the cardiac cycle?
Where does the pressure-volume loop start in the cardiac cycle?
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What is decreased in diastolic heart failure?
What is decreased in diastolic heart failure?
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What occurs during the relaxation/filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during the relaxation/filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
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What does the U wave represent in cardiac depolarization?
What does the U wave represent in cardiac depolarization?
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Which of the following is true regarding left ventricular hypertrophy on an EKG?
Which of the following is true regarding left ventricular hypertrophy on an EKG?
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What causes abnormal automaticity in the heart?
What causes abnormal automaticity in the heart?
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In the cardiac cycle, what characterizes the ejection phase?
In the cardiac cycle, what characterizes the ejection phase?
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What condition can lead to sinus bradycardia?
What condition can lead to sinus bradycardia?
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Which of the following describes an effect of tachy-induced cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following describes an effect of tachy-induced cardiomyopathy?
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What is a characteristic of abnormal reentry in cardiac dysrhythmias?
What is a characteristic of abnormal reentry in cardiac dysrhythmias?
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Which substance can potentially compound the effects of sinus bradycardia?
Which substance can potentially compound the effects of sinus bradycardia?
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In Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, which mechanism primarily contributes to dysrhythmias?
In Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, which mechanism primarily contributes to dysrhythmias?
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What is the primary characteristic of the dominant hemisphere in most right-handed individuals?
What is the primary characteristic of the dominant hemisphere in most right-handed individuals?
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Which hemisphere is more likely to be dominant in left-handed individuals?
Which hemisphere is more likely to be dominant in left-handed individuals?
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What scenario is likely to lead to a watershed infarct in the brain?
What scenario is likely to lead to a watershed infarct in the brain?
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Where is the ACA-MCA watershed zone located?
Where is the ACA-MCA watershed zone located?
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Why are watershed areas particularly vulnerable to ischemia?
Why are watershed areas particularly vulnerable to ischemia?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with heart failure?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with heart failure?
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What is a primary treatment for managing fluid balance in heart failure?
What is a primary treatment for managing fluid balance in heart failure?
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Which condition is characterized by a left ventricle mass-to-cavity ratio greater than 2:1?
Which condition is characterized by a left ventricle mass-to-cavity ratio greater than 2:1?
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Which class of medications is contraindicated during the acute phase of heart failure?
Which class of medications is contraindicated during the acute phase of heart failure?
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In heart failure treatment, which medication is often utilized to antagonize the effects of aldosterone?
In heart failure treatment, which medication is often utilized to antagonize the effects of aldosterone?
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Which of the following does NOT typically indicate positive inotropic effects?
Which of the following does NOT typically indicate positive inotropic effects?
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Which symptom reflects difficulty breathing while lying flat, often seen in heart failure?
Which symptom reflects difficulty breathing while lying flat, often seen in heart failure?
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What is the primary reason Ca channel blockers are contraindicated as inotropes?
What is the primary reason Ca channel blockers are contraindicated as inotropes?
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What causes diastolic heart failure?
What causes diastolic heart failure?
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Which management strategy is appropriate for systolic heart failure?
Which management strategy is appropriate for systolic heart failure?
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Which statement is true regarding ejection fraction in heart failures?
Which statement is true regarding ejection fraction in heart failures?
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What is a key difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?
What is a key difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?
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Which of the following conditions is commonly seen in both systolic and diastolic heart failure?
Which of the following conditions is commonly seen in both systolic and diastolic heart failure?
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Which is a characteristic finding in diastolic heart failure?
Which is a characteristic finding in diastolic heart failure?
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What effect does afterload reduction have on systolic heart failure patients?
What effect does afterload reduction have on systolic heart failure patients?
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What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
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Which type of stroke primarily affects the visual cortex?
Which type of stroke primarily affects the visual cortex?
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What clinical manifestation is commonly associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What clinical manifestation is commonly associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
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What is a common outcome following damage to motor pathways due to a stroke?
What is a common outcome following damage to motor pathways due to a stroke?
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What is the acceptable range of normal intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What is the acceptable range of normal intracranial pressure (ICP)?
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What is the primary treatment for ischemic stroke when administered within the time window?
What is the primary treatment for ischemic stroke when administered within the time window?
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Which symptom is most likely associated with a stroke affecting the dominant hemisphere?
Which symptom is most likely associated with a stroke affecting the dominant hemisphere?
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What does the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) measure?
What does the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) measure?
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What condition is primarily associated with an increase in unconjugated bilirubin leading to jaundice?
What condition is primarily associated with an increase in unconjugated bilirubin leading to jaundice?
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What causes varices to develop in the esophagus or stomach?
What causes varices to develop in the esophagus or stomach?
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Which function does bile NOT perform?
Which function does bile NOT perform?
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What role does cholecystokinin (CCK) play in digestion?
What role does cholecystokinin (CCK) play in digestion?
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Which process is defined by a reduction or stoppage in bile flow?
Which process is defined by a reduction or stoppage in bile flow?
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What is the role of Factor VIIa in the coagulation process?
What is the role of Factor VIIa in the coagulation process?
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Which factors require Vitamin K for their activity?
Which factors require Vitamin K for their activity?
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What is the product of the conversion of Prothrombin (Factor II) in the common pathway?
What is the product of the conversion of Prothrombin (Factor II) in the common pathway?
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What is the main function of Protein C in coagulation?
What is the main function of Protein C in coagulation?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in hemostasis?
Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in hemostasis?
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What is necessary for activated Factor Xa to function effectively?
What is necessary for activated Factor Xa to function effectively?
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What effect does Vitamin K deficiency have on clotting?
What effect does Vitamin K deficiency have on clotting?
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What is the final step of the coagulation cascade?
What is the final step of the coagulation cascade?
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What is a common sign associated with a stroke in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)?
What is a common sign associated with a stroke in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)?
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Which symptom is indicative of a posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke?
Which symptom is indicative of a posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke?
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Involvement of which area is likely to cause urinary incontinence following an anterior cerebral artery stroke?
Involvement of which area is likely to cause urinary incontinence following an anterior cerebral artery stroke?
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What type of deficits are typically not prominent in patients experiencing a PCA stroke?
What type of deficits are typically not prominent in patients experiencing a PCA stroke?
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Which condition can result from a large stroke affecting the prefrontal cortex?
Which condition can result from a large stroke affecting the prefrontal cortex?
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What symptom is commonly associated with strokes in the vertebrobasilar system?
What symptom is commonly associated with strokes in the vertebrobasilar system?
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What is a typical presenting complication of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion?
What is a typical presenting complication of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion?
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Which signs and symptoms would suggest thalamic involvement during a PCA stroke?
Which signs and symptoms would suggest thalamic involvement during a PCA stroke?
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Study Notes
Cardiac System
- The heart is a muscular pump made of three layers: the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
- The pericardium surrounds the epicardium
- The heart muscle contracts in a coordinated fashion via electrical impulses, synchronized by the sinoatrial (SA) node, known as the pacemaker
- Blood flow through the heart follows a specific pathway: deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, to the right ventricle, and then through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
- Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins, through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and then through the aortic valve to the aorta, distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body
- Pulmonary circulation: blood flow from the right side of the heart to the lungs for gas exchange, then back to the left side of the heart
- Systemic circulation: blood flow from the left side of the heart to the body for nutrient and oxygen delivery, then back to the right side of the heart.
Coronary Circulation
- Coronary arteries branch off the aorta and supply blood to the heart muscle.
- The left coronary artery (LCA) divides into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the circumflex artery (LCX)
- The right coronary artery (RCA) branches into the right marginal artery and the posterior descending artery (PDA)
- Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. Obstruction of a coronary artery can result in myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Atherosclerosis and Plaque Formation
- Over time, cholesterol, fats and other substances build up in the walls of the coronary arteries, forming plaques
- Plaques can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow
- Plaque rupture or erosion can trigger thrombus formation which further obstructs blood flow, leading to myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when there is a complete obstruction of blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle, causing the death of heart muscle.
- Symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea.
- Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention are crucial to reduce complications and death.
- EKG changes, elevated cardiac enzymes (troponins) help with diagnosis.
Heart Failure
- Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can involve either systolic (reduced pumping) or diastolic (reduced filling) dysfunction; it can also affect the left or right side of the heart, or both.
- Symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen ankles, fluid buildup.
- Treatment varies depending on the type and severity.
Congestive Heart Failure
- Congestive heart failure is a serious condition where the heart cannot pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid build-up in the lungs and other tissues.
- It may include systolic or diastolic dysfunction depending on the type of heart failure.
- Common symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, edema, swelling.
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
- Arrhythmias are irregular heartbeats.
- They can cause a variety of symptoms, and potentially life-threatening complications
Electrolyte Imbalance and EKG/Cardiac Function
- Electrolytes play a crucial role in cardiac function. Imbalances can lead to various EKG/cardiac issues
- Factors such as hypo/hyperkalemia, hypo/hypercalcemia, hypo/hypermagnesemia influence the function and action potentials of the heart
- There are characteristic changes on EKG caused by any of these factors.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the electrical conduction system of the heart, with a focus on pacemaker cells. This quiz covers topics such as depolarization, repolarization, and the effects of sympathetic stimulation. Dive into the intricacies of heart action potentials and their physiological implications.
