Cardiac Physiology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the atria in the heart?

  • Produce lubricating fluid
  • Collect blood and push it into lower chambers (correct)
  • Pump blood out to the body or lungs
  • Hold blood and empty into atria

    • Which vein carries deoxygenated blood?

  • Pulmonary vein (correct)
  • Aorta
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Superior vena cava

    • Where is the heart located within the body?

  • Underneath the liver
  • Behind the stomach
  • Between the kidneys
  • In a space called the mediastinum (correct)

    • Which layer of the heart produces lubricating fluid?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the fat-filled grooves called sulci in the heart?

    <p>Contain coronary blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart pumps blood out to the body or lungs?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at 0mV during repolarization?

    <p>K+ channels close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is responsible for the plateau phase in cardiac action potentials?

    <p>Ca++</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the firing rate of the SA node without endocrine control?

    <p>80 - 100 times per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart's conduction system has the slowest firing rate?

    <p>Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using electrodes on the body during an ECG?

    <p>To record electrical signals of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atria contract following depolarization?

    <p>Atrial systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of an artificial pacemaker in the context of cardiac muscle activity?

    <p>Delivers electrical impulses for effective heart contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure in the heart during ventricular systole?

    <p>Increases to force semilunar valves open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the ECG represents the repolarization of the ventricles?

    <p>T wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of myoglobin in heart muscle cells?

    <p>Storing oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle marks the relaxation of both the ventricles and atria?

    <p>Ventricular diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is associated with the closing of semilunar valves?

    <p>S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does S4 indicate in terms of blood flow in the heart?

    <p>Blood flowing into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cardiac physiology, what is the formula for Cardiac Output (CO)?

    <p>CO = HR * SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage range is considered normal for the ejection fraction of the heart?

    <p>50% - 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increase Cardiac Output by 4-8 times?

    <p>Activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does nervous control of heart rate primarily originate from?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter slows down the rate of depolarization in the heart?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases heart rate and often accompanies a surge in cortisol?

    <p><strong>Stress and anxiety</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of endothelins released by the endothelium?

    <p>Act as vasoconstrictors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the fossa ovalis located?

    <p>Interatrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the moderator band in the heart?

    <p>Muscle for cardiac conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells?

    <p>Na+ channels close, Ca++ channels are open, and few K+ channels are open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cardiac muscle cells have a long refractory period?

    <p>To prevent tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located?

    <p>Superior and posterior wall of the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

    <p>Sets normal cardiac rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bundle of His in the heart's conduction system?

    <p>Receives impulse from AV node and branches into right and left bundle branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do semilunar valves make an audible sound as they close?

    <p>They have no muscular attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of desmosomes in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Stop cardiac muscle cells from ripping apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

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