Cardiac Physiology and Arrhythmias

The ability to perform daily activities effectively.

Components of fitness that are directly related to good health and well-being in daily life.

Attributes that enhance athletic performance, such as speed, power, and flexibility.

A visual representation that shows the range of health from optimal wellness to disease and death. It highlights that health is a spectrum, not just an on or off state.

A document that outlined the importance of lifestyle and environmental factors in influencing health.

The spending on healthcare per person in a particular country or region.

The average number of years a person is expected to live, taking into account years lived without serious health issues.

The study of the physical and mental benefits of exercise and how it impacts overall health.

A healthcare system where the government is primarily responsible for providing and funding healthcare services. This model aims for universal coverage and equal access for all citizens.

A healthcare system where private insurance companies play a dominant role in covering healthcare costs. Individuals often pay premiums for coverage through their employer or directly.

A healthcare system that combines elements of both government-funded and private insurance models. This approach aims to ensure universal access while offering some flexibility in healthcare options.

A healthcare system where individuals are primarily responsible for paying for their healthcare costs out of their own pockets. This is common in many developing nations.

The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, was enacted in 2010 with the goal of increasing access to affordable health insurance for US citizens. It aimed to expand coverage and regulate insurance practices.

The Canadian healthcare system, known for its universal coverage, provides access to medically necessary services for all residents, regardless of their ability to pay. It focuses on ensuring equal access based on need.

The practice of managing one's time effectively by making informed decisions about how to allocate time and energy towards achieving valued goals.

Identifying and prioritizing areas that are most important to you and ensuring your activities are aligned with these priorities.

A mnemonic acronym used to set effective goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.

Goals that focus on completing specific tasks and activities compared to goals aimed solely at achieving specific grades or outcomes.

Creating a consistent routine that reduces decision fatigue and allows for more mental energy for studying. This includes establishing a regular sleep schedule and planning your days in advance.

Using tools such as calendars, to-do lists, and apps to organize tasks and schedule activities by term, month, week, and day. Include breaks and self-care to avoid burnout.

Breaking down large projects or assignments into smaller, more manageable steps. This approach reduces overwhelm and makes tasks feel less daunting.

The Health Triangle is a model that illustrates the interconnectedness of mental, physical, and social health. It emphasizes that these aspects are interdependent and contribute to overall well-being.

The Health Triangle was originally developed as a project for an Alaskan middle school in 1997. It has since been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a useful framework for understanding health.

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Signs indicating a mental health crisis, including rapid mood swings, agitation, aggressive behavior, confused thinking, expressions of self-harm, and changes in energy levels.

A psychometric tool evaluating health by assessing social functioning and emotional problems, including interference of emotions in everyday life and role limitations due to emotional issues.

Motivation stemming from personal interest and care, driven by internal factors.

Motivation driven by accountability to others, stemming from external factors.

A person's belief about the control they have over their life outcomes.

The belief that one controls their own destiny, linked to higher achievements, motivation, and better coping strategies.

The belief that external factors determine life outcomes, potentially leading to procrastination and underachievement.

The tendency for certain mental illnesses to be passed down through generations, raising questions about disability status.

Drugs used to treat mental illnesses, including first-generation anti-psychotics (1950s) and second-generation anti-psychotics (1990s), with varying efficacy and side effects.

The impact of environmental, social, and cultural factors on mental health. For example, the introduction of television in Fiji was linked to an increase in eating disorders.

A psychological state where individuals experience intense fear, anxiety, and distress following a traumatic event, often triggered by reminders of the trauma.

A method of managing stress by identifying negative thoughts and replacing them with rational responses, aiming to alleviate distress.

Significant life events and minor everyday irritations that contribute to stress levels. The death of a spouse is considered the most stressful event, while daily hassles, such as relationship problems, can accumulate and affect mental health.

A model of mental health emphasizing the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in influencing mental well-being.

A social community that seemed to experience unusually good mental health, likely due to strong social cohesion and support.

A serious mental health disorder characterized by disrupted thinking, perceptions, and emotions.

A medication used to treat schizophrenia, but with a potential side effect of death.

The increase in incidence of a mental disorder, often observed after a significant cultural change.

A complex system of healthcare provision in Canada, involving both federal and provincial funding.

The official health insurance plan in Ontario, providing coverage to eligible residents.

The total amount of resources dedicated to healthcare in Canada, including government spending, private insurance, and out-of-pocket payments.

A model of healthcare delivery where patients navigate a tiered system, starting with primary care and progressing to specialized services as needed.

Healthcare provided by the government, aiming for equitable access to essential services.

Healthcare provided privately, where patients pay for services directly, often with faster access and more options.

A combination of public and private healthcare systems, aiming to leverage the strengths of each.

The average number of years a person is expected to live in a given place.

The total duration of a person's life.

The period of life spent in good health, without serious illness or disability.

A systematic approach to patient care that uses the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values.

The highest level of evidence, coming from properly designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or meta-analyses.

Evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization, or cohort/case-control studies.

Opinions from respected authorities based on clinical experience or descriptive studies.

Medical products and practices not part of standard medical care, aiming for wellness and disease prevention.

A model that describes the stages of behavior change, from unawareness to sustained change.

The first stage of the behavior change model, characterized by unawareness of the need for change.

The second stage of the behavior change model, where individuals start considering change within the next six months.

The third stage of the behavior change model, where individuals plan to make a change within the next 30 days.

The fourth stage of the behavior change model, where individuals actively engage in new health behaviors.

The fifth and final stage of the behavior change model, where individuals sustain changes over time.

A compound from wildflowers that is being researched for its potential to treat solid tumors.

A substance derived from lizard saliva that is used to treat diabetes.

Energy-yielding nutrients that provide calories for the body.

The amount of energy released when 1 gram of a nutrient is burned.

The rate at which your body burns calories at rest.

A measure of how much energy you expend through physical activity.

Carbohydrates that are quickly broken down into sugar, providing a quick energy boost.

Carbohydrates that take longer to digest, providing sustained energy.

A type of fiber that dissolves in water, helps lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels.

A type of fiber that doesn't dissolve in water, aids in digestion and may prevent colon cancer.

A measure of how quickly a carbohydrate food raises blood glucose levels.

Fats that are solid at room temperature, found in animal products and some plant-based foods.

Fats that are liquid at room temperature, found in plant-based foods like olive oil and avocados.

Fats that are created through a process called hydrogenation, linked to increased risk of heart disease.

Essential nutrients that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through diet.

The building blocks of protein that are essential for growth, repair, and various bodily functions.

Essential nutrients required in small amounts that regulate metabolism and growth.

A state where the body's internal balance is threatened, often caused by internal or external factors.

The body's natural ability to maintain a stable internal environment, like a thermostat keeping your house at a set temperature.

Anything that disrupts homeostasis, causing stress. Examples include exams, deadlines, or even a sudden change in temperature.

Stress that has negative effects on your well-being, often causing anxiety, fatigue, or illness.

Positive, motivating stress that can help you thrive, like a challenge you enjoy overcoming.

The body's immediate response to a perceived threat, preparing you to fight or flee, involving increased heart rate, alertness, and blood flow to muscles.

Prolonged exposure to stress, leading to harmful effects like impaired cognitive function, heart problems, and digestive issues.

A complex network of brain and body parts involved in stress response, releasing cortisol (a stress hormone).

The main stress hormone, released by the HPA axis, increasing alertness but causing negative health effects when chronically elevated.

The tendency to gain weight, especially abdominal fat, due to the interaction of stress and poor diet.

Techniques to manage stress and its effects on your body and mind. Examples include breathing exercises, relaxation, and physical activity.

A sudden weakening of the heart muscle due to emotional distress, triggered by acute stress.

The understanding that some stress is necessary for healthy functioning, but it needs to be managed for optimal well-being.

The ability to control your reactions to stress instead of letting it take control of you.

The transition from acute stress to chronic stress can have significant health consequences, emphasizing the importance of stress management.

Physical activity that helps in preventing diseases and improving physical functions like better heart health and blood pressure.

The Surgeon General's report recommends 30 minutes of brisk walking per day for significant health benefits. Even small increases in activity can improve your health.

Engaging in moderate physical activity most days of the week is recommended for overall health benefits.

Increased amounts of physical activity are associated with greater health benefits. The more you move, the healthier you become.

The Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines have evolved since 1998 to adapt to the needs of different age groups, from children to older adults.

The latest guidelines emphasize reducing sedentary behavior and promoting a variety of physical activities.

Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week, broken into sessions of 10 minutes or more, along with strength training twice a week.

The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines focus on a holistic approach, emphasizing physical activity, sleep, and reducing sedentary behavior.

These guidelines provide specific tailoring for children (0-4 years), youth (5-17 years), adults (18-64 years), and older adults (65+ years).

The Canadian Health Measures Survey indicates that many Canadians still do not meet the recommended physical activity levels.

Tailored guidelines address the specific needs of individuals with disabilities, chronic diseases, and pregnant women.

The revised activity guidelines prioritize a comprehensive understanding of exercise needs across various demographics, focusing on type, amount, and suitability for individual needs.

The challenge lies in encouraging Canadians to incorporate physical activity into their everyday lives, for a healthier and happier future.

A standard measure used to compare similar foods, reflecting typical Canadian consumption in one sitting.

The primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium, responsible for generating electrical impulses at a rate of 60-100 beats per minute (bpm) at rest.

These include white sugar, brown sugar, agave syrup, and high fructose corn syrup.

A specialized node located between the atria and ventricles, the only pathway for electrical signals to travel from the atria to the ventricles. It also acts as a secondary pacemaker if the SA node fails.

Foods with less than 0.5g of fat per serving qualify for this label.

The pattern of electrical conduction within the heart, crucial for healthy contractions. This pattern allows for efficient signal transmission through the heart.

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each beat, influenced by factors such as preload, afterload, and contractility.

Foods with at least 25% less fat than the original version qualify.

Total blood ejected from the heart per minute, calculated as Q (L/min) = HR (bpm) X SV (ml).

Purposely altering the genetic makeup of foods, often referred to as 'Franken-foods.'

The force of blood exerted on vessel walls, calculated as BP = Q x TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance), influenced by factors like autonomic nervous system, exercise, and stress.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) aim to promote health and prevent nutrient deficiencies. They are developed collaboratively between the USA and Canada.

Examples include soy, corn, canola oil, and sugar beets.

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) represents the average daily intake level of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the needs of half of the healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender group.

Specialized receptors that are located in the carotid artery and aorta, detecting changes in blood pressure.

Products designed for over-the-counter use without a prescription, including vitamins, supplements, and herbal remedies.

A condition where the heart rate is elevated, exceeding 100 bpm.

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the average daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered sufficient to meet the needs of 97–98% of healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender group.

Substances used to improve athletic performance, such as caffeine, creatine, and beta-alanine.

A condition where the heart rate is reduced, falling below 60 bpm.

Includes Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA), and structured exercise.

The Adequate Intake (AI) is a recommendation for daily intake of a nutrient when sufficient scientific evidence to establish an EAR and RDA is not available. It is based on experimentally determined intake levels that appear to be adequate for groups of healthy people.

Activities done regularly, planned, and aiming to improve fitness.

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest daily intake level of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a specific life stage and gender group.

The irregular heartbeat that can be life-threatening.

The ability to perform activities of daily living efficiently and effectively.

The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) calculates individual energy needs based on factors like age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) provide recommendations for the proportion of calories from macronutrients.

Activities done for enjoyment and relaxation.

The AMDR for carbohydrates is 45-65% of total caloric intake.

The fitness movement shifted from 'no pain no gain' to a holistic view, emphasizing overall health and well-being.

This component encompasses the abilities to perform activities requiring continuous use of large muscle groups for extended periods.

The AMDR for protein is 10-35% of total caloric intake.

This component involves applying force against resistance to move objects or your own body.

The AMDR for fat is 20-35% of total caloric intake.

The Dietary Guidelines for Canadians go beyond just the food consumed. They emphasize mindful eating habits, cooking more often, enjoying food, and social eating.

Front-of-Pack (FOP) labeling has been introduced to provide simplified nutritional information on packaged foods. The aim is to help consumers make healthier choices.

The FOP labeling aims to promote healthier choices by focusing on nutrients of concern, such as sodium, sugars, and saturated fat.

The 2019 Canada’s Food Guide and the Dietary Guidelines for Canadians aim to promote healthier eating habits across the population. They emphasize a flexible, varied diet and the importance of mindful eating.

The heart is a hollow muscular organ, about the size of a fist, that acts as a dual-pump system, delivering blood throughout the body.

The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). The atria receive blood and transfer it to the ventricles, while the ventricles pump blood out to the lungs and the body.

Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. It is measured in liters per minute. At rest, the heart pumps around 5-6 liters per minute, while elite athletes can exceed 40 liters per minute during exercise.

Heart rate variability (HRV) measures the variation in the time between heartbeats. A healthy heart rate shows variability, meaning it adapts well to stress and activity.

The cardiac cycle describes the phases of a heartbeat, starting with ventricular filling (relaxation) and ending with ventricular ejection (contraction). It includes periods of relaxation and contraction for both atria and ventricles.

The heart is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, balancing the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) responses. Factors like exercise, drugs, and stress can influence heart rate.

The endocardium is the inner lining of the heart, the myocardium is the muscular layer responsible for contraction, and the epicardium is the outer layer.

Coronary circulation is the blood supply to the heart itself. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle and is essential for its function.

Deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, and then out to the lungs via pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, then to the left ventricle, and then to the body via the aorta.

The heart has amazing endurance and beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime. Each beat pumps blood, providing oxygen and nutrients to the body.

Understanding the cardiovascular system is crucial for understanding the human body and its health. The heart's efficiency, adaptability, and endurance are key to its incredible role.

The human body has approximately 100,000 kilometers of blood vessels, which is enough to wrap around the Earth twice.

At rest, the heart pumps around 5-6 liters of blood per minute, but this can increase to over 40 liters per minute during intense exercise.

The heart beats over 100,000 times a day, pumping about 7,500 liters of blood daily.