Cardiac Physiology and Arrhythmias

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Questions and Answers

What was Susruta's contribution to the understanding of fitness?

He emphasized the role of nutrition in fitness.

He warned against the consequences of neglecting physical activity.

He advocated for daily exercise as essential medicine. (correct)

He questioned the need for exercise.

Which of the following best describes health-related fitness?

Attributes that enhance athletic performance.

Components related specifically to extreme sports.

The ability to perform daily activities effectively. (correct)

A measure of life expectancy.

What does the Health Continuum illustrate?

The spectrum from optimum wellness to disease or death. (correct)

The strict separation between fitness professionals and health care professionals.

The importance of athletic performance in defining health.

The financial aspects of health care across different nations.

How do lifestyle choices influence overall health according to the content?

Regular exercise is generally associated with healthier diets. Signup and view all the answers

What key concept was established in the Lalonde Report of 1974?

A framework emphasizing the importance of lifestyle and environment for health. Signup and view all the answers

Which country had the longest life expectancy according to the information provided?

Japan Signup and view all the answers

What is Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE)?

Life expectancy minus years lived with serious health issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which health professional focuses primarily on promoting health within the health continuum?

Health Care Professionals Signup and view all the answers

What model highlights the multifaceted nature of mental illness?

Bio-Psycho-Social Model Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of addressing cultural expectations in mental health?

Improved mental health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant predicted shortage in Canada's health care by 2028?

Primary care doctors Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with improved life expectancy?

Smoking prevalence Signup and view all the answers

How is the health care system in Canada funded?

A combination of federal and provincial funding Signup and view all the answers

What is the average life expectancy in Canada for 2024?

83.11 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Clozapine is accurate?

It carries a small risk of death but can be used with caution. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of health spending in Canada is allocated to hospitals?

26% Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential psychological diagnosis for the 32-year-old woman post car accident?

Post-traumatic stress disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of a shortage in health care workers?

Increased funding for hospitals Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status and life expectancy?

Wealthier individuals tend to have shorter life expectancies. Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a significant challenge faced by Canada's health care system?

Lack of preventive care funding Signup and view all the answers

In what area is Canada ranked low compared to other developed countries?

Number of healthcare workers Signup and view all the answers

What is the caloric value of carbohydrates per gram?

4 kcal/g Signup and view all the answers

Which essential nutrient is NOT considered a macronutrient?

Vitamins Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, how much additional energy is typically needed in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters?

250 kcal/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maximum intake of total sugars per day according to health guidelines?

100g Signup and view all the answers

What do trans fats typically contribute to in terms of health risks?

Increased heart disease risk Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of carbohydrates provides immediate energy options?

Sugars Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is essential for maintaining fluid balance in the body?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Glycemic Index' (GI) refer to?

Impact of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a macronutrient?

Minerals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fat should be consumed for optimal heart health?

Monounsaturated fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dietary fiber?

Aid digestion and prevent diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimal recommended water intake for a typical adult?

2 liters Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient category includes both essential and non-essential amino acids?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following micronutrients is classified as a fat-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)?

To integrate clinical expertise with the best available evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Behavior Change Model involves actively engaging in new health behaviors?

Action Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes lifespan from healthspan?

Lifespan is the number of years lived, while healthspan focuses on years spent without illness Signup and view all the answers

Which level of evidence is considered the highest in the Evidence-Based Medicine hierarchy?

Level I evidence from randomized controlled trials Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about chronic diseases and older age demographics?

Chronic diseases are often more prevalent in older age demographics Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of Canadians aged 65 or older report having very good or excellent health?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered in the Evidence-Based Medicine process?

Cost-effectiveness analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

Prescription medication Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadians reported having used some form of CAM according to the Fraser Institute?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates a natural substance used in medicine?

ICT2588 from wildflowers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal at the Maintenance stage of behavior change?

To sustain changes over time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is a limitation of Evidence-Based Medicine?

It cannot incorporate individual patient values Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which statement best reflects the interaction between EBM and CAM?

Both EBM and CAM can contribute to patient care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the heart?

To generate electrical impulses at a higher frequency than other nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement indicates the total blood ejected from the heart per minute?

Cardiac Output (Q) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during tachycardia?

The heart rate exceeds 100 bpm Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the heart's conduction system is designed for one-way signaling?

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

To detect changes in blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels primarily carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the heart sounds known as 'Lub Dub'?

The closing of heart valves during contraction and relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by an irregular heart rhythm?

Atrial Fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

What does blood pressure regulation primarily depend on?

Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance Signup and view all the answers

How is stroke volume (SV) primarily determined?

Preload, afterload, and contractility Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of public healthcare systems?

Longer wait times for treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which healthcare system primarily operates on payroll deductions for coverage?

German Insurance-Based System Signup and view all the answers

How does the Canadian healthcare model ensure access to services?

By providing universal coverage for medically necessary services Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)?

Reduce the number of uninsured Americans Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of out-of-pocket healthcare systems?

Patients pay for services directly without insurance Signup and view all the answers

What amount of moderate physical activity is now recommended per week for adults?

150 minutes Signup and view all the answers

The average wait time for an MRI in Canada is approximately how long?

11.1 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary benefit of private healthcare systems?

Faster access to care Signup and view all the answers

Which population group is specifically encouraged to engage in physical activity throughout pregnancy?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

Which type of training is recommended for healthy adults with spinal cord injury?

Functional electrical stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What do SMART goals stand for in the context of effective time management?

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-based Signup and view all the answers

Which is a recommended strategy for managing time effectively during study sessions?

Using the Pomodoro Technique Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of regular physical activity as highlighted in the guidelines?

Reduced disease risk Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health is primarily illustrated in the health triangle model?

Mental, physical, and social health Signup and view all the answers

What should special populations, including those with disabilities, also consider along with physical activity?

Sleep patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered NOT a characteristic of effective time management?

Rigid scheduling Signup and view all the answers

For youth aged 5-17 years, what is the minimum recommended daily activity?

60 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Why might someone prefer a mixed healthcare system?

Reduction of inequality in healthcare access Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of the revised Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines?

Strength training twice weekly Signup and view all the answers

Which of these strategies can reduce anxiety related to time management?

Creating a structured routine Signup and view all the answers

How did Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines evolve from 1998 to 2011?

Included varied population needs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise is recommended for improving outcomes in individuals with Parkinson’s Disease?

Strength and flexibility activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern regarding Canadians’ current state of physical activity?

Lack of adherence to recommendations Signup and view all the answers

What type of activities are recommended for children aged 0-4 years?

Unstructured physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary takeaway regarding physical activity recommendations?

Strong focus on sleep and sedentary behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which guideline emphasizes incremental changes in daily activity for substantial health improvements?

Surgeon General's Report Signup and view all the answers

What should adults aged 18-64 focus on in addition to physical activity?

Maintaining a balanced sleep schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical indicator of balance in health according to the health triangle?

Balance among physical, mental, and social well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT commonly identified as a sign of a mental health crisis?

Stable energy levels Signup and view all the answers

In the SF-36 Health Survey, what do the response categories assess?

Social functioning and emotional problems Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of locus of control is associated with better academic performance?

Internal locus of control Signup and view all the answers

What can indicate a high level of intrinsic motivation?

Personal interest and care Signup and view all the answers

Which mental illness is most prevalent among young adults according to the WHO?

Major depression Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern regarding second generation anti-psychotic drugs introduced in the 1990s?

Potential side effects like agranulocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been correlated with rising mental health issues in Fiji?

Introduction of television Signup and view all the answers

What was identified as a method to cope with stress according to cognitive appraisals?

Cognitive restructuring Signup and view all the answers

What role do daily hassles play in mental health?

They can accumulate and affect mental health Signup and view all the answers

What is stress defined as?

A state in which homeostasis is threatened Signup and view all the answers

In Dr. Stewart Wolfe's study, what was noted as a key factor for low rates of heart attacks in Roseto, Pennsylvania?

Strong social support and community ties Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of negative stress?

Academic pressures Signup and view all the answers

What disease is NOT primarily linked to hereditary genetic factors?

Physical injuries Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is triggered during an acute stress response?

Elevated heart rate and breathing rate Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the COVID-19 pandemic have on York University undergraduates?

Increased prevalence of mental health issues Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an external locus of control?

Belief that external factors dictate outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily associated with the body's stress response?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic stress affect cognitive function?

Impairs cognitive function Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress is considered beneficial and often motivational?

Eustress Signup and view all the answers

What is an implication of combining poor dietary habits with stress?

Increased accumulation of abdominal fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress?

Secretion of cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Which stress management technique can help mitigate stress effects?

Breathing exercises Signup and view all the answers

How many kilograms of carbohydrates does a person consume in a lifetime, according to the data?

8,000 kg Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient provides the highest amount of calories according to the lifetime consumption data?

Fats Signup and view all the answers

What effect can prolonged stress have on health?

Increased risk of cardiovascular issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the right ventricle in the heart's function?

To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscular walls?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of studying nutrition in relation to health?

Food's impact on health Signup and view all the answers

What does heart rate variability (HRV) indicate?

The ability of the heart to adapt to stressors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drastic consequence of acute stress?

Broken heart syndrome Signup and view all the answers

How many chambers are there in the human heart?

Four Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart experience isovolumetric contraction?

Isovolumetric Contraction Period Signup and view all the answers

At rest, the heart typically pumps how much blood per minute?

5-6 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the atria in the heart?

To receive blood and transfer it to the ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is responsible for its muscle contractions?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood during the ventricular ejection period of the cardiac cycle?

Blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Signup and view all the answers

Which system governs the control of heart rate?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What major role does coronary circulation serve?

It supplies the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic stress affect heart rate variability (HRV)?

It decreases HRV, raising health risks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the heart's average lifespan in terms of beats over a lifetime?

2.5 billion beats Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epicardium in the heart?

It houses the coronary blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of serving sizes on food labels?

To provide consistent comparison among foods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a product to be labeled fat-free?

Must have a minimum serving size Signup and view all the answers

What is a key risk associated with the consumption of natural health products (NHPs)?

Potential severe side effects Signup and view all the answers

What are common examples of genetically modified foods?

Soy, corn, and sugar beets Signup and view all the answers

How does physical inactivity impact health economically?

It is associated with significant healthcare costs Signup and view all the answers

Which health-related fitness component focuses primarily on muscle performance?

Muscle strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of physical activity (PA)?

All forms of movement that contribute to energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement about nutrient content claims?

Reflects a minimum percentage of nutrient reduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ergogenic aids?

Substances aiming to enhance athletic performance Signup and view all the answers

How does the level of education impact physical activity rates in Canadians?

Higher education correlates with higher activity levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sugar is considered calorie-free per serving?

Any sugar with less than 5 kcal per serving Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about activity levels among Canadian adults based on the 2004 CCHS data?

Less than 45% engage in sufficient physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

To promote health and prevent nutrient deficiencies. Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient should constitute 10-35% of total caloric intake according to Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following years marked the introduction of Canada’s Food Guide?

1961 Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift occurred in the 2019 update of Canada’s Food Guide?

An emphasis on flexible approaches and plant-based foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism of the new Canada’s Food Guide?

It is considered too expensive to follow. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of Canada’s Healthy Eating Strategy?

Improving access to healthy food information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of marketing regulations for children under 13 in Canada?

It limits the use of mascots in marketing unhealthy foods. Signup and view all the answers

What does Front-of-Pack (FOP) labeling aim to simplify?

Nutritional information for easier decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is NOT included in the Nutrients of Concern for labeling?

Dietary Fiber Signup and view all the answers

What does the Adequate Intake (AI) refer to in the context of dietary recommendations?

The average daily nutrient level sufficient for most individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary guideline emphasizes the importance of social eating?

Enjoyment of Food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a feature of the 2019 Canada’s Food Guide?

Standardized caloric limits for all demographic groups. Signup and view all the answers

What are Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) designed to accommodate?

A diverse range of nutritional needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily limit for sodium intake as highlighted in recent dietary guidelines?

Less than 2300 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart's Pacemaker System

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node):
- Primary pacemaker, setting the heart's rhythm.
- Generates impulses at 60-100 bpm at rest.
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node):
- Only pathway for signals from atria to ventricles.
- Can act as a secondary pacemaker if the SA node fails, at ~40 bpm.
- Facilitates one-way signal flow.

Electrical Conduction System

Crucial for coordinated heart contractions.
Non-conductive tissue in the atria, conductive tissue in the ventricles.

Heart Sounds and Monitoring

Heart produces "Lub-Dub" sounds from valve closures.
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) represents electrical activity, showing normal sinus rhythm and arrhythmias.

Arrhythmias

Tachycardia: Heart rate over 100 bpm.
Bradycardia: Heart rate below 60 bpm.
Atrial and Ventricular fibrillation: Irregular rhythms, potentially life-threatening.

Key Cardiac Measures

Heart Rate (HR):
- Measured in bpm.
- Influenced by pacemaker cells, exercise, nervous system.
Stroke Volume (SV):
- Volume of blood ejected per beat.
- Determined by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Cardiac Output (Q):
- Total blood ejected per minute.
- Calculated as Q = HR x SV.
- Normal values: Rest (40-80 bpm, 50-70 ml, 5 L/min); Max Exercise (HR max = 220-age, SV 120-200 ml, Q 20-35 L/min).

Blood Vessels and Functions

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries), with high pressure tolerance.
Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart, acting as capacitance vessels with valves.
Capillaries: Smallest vessels for gas and nutrient exchange.

Blood Pressure Regulation

Blood Pressure (BP): Force exerted by blood on vessel walls.
Calculated as BP = Q x TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance).
Regulated by the autonomic nervous system (SNS, PNS).
Baroreceptors detect BP changes, triggering vasoconstriction or vasodilation.

Additional Facts

Body has ~100,000 km of blood vessels (2x Earth).
Heart beats ~100,000 times a day and pumps ~7500 liters of blood/day.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts of the heart's pacemaker system, including the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, and their role in heart rhythm regulation. It also discusses electrical conduction, heart sounds, and various heart arrhythmias. Test your knowledge on how the heart functions and the implications of various heart rates.